STATE OF NEW YORK ________________________________________________________________________ 7423 2023-2024 Regular Sessions IN ASSEMBLY May 19, 2023 ___________ Introduced by M. of A. ROZIC -- read once and referred to the Committee on Consumer Affairs and Protection AN ACT to amend the general business law, in relation to the management and oversight of personal data The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem- bly, do enact as follows: 1 Section 1. Short title. This act shall be known and may be cited as 2 the "New York privacy act". 3 § 2. Legislative intent. 1. Privacy is a fundamental right and an 4 essential element of freedom. Advances in technology have produced ramp- 5 ant growth in the amount and categories of personal data being gener- 6 ated, collected, stored, analyzed, and potentially shared, which 7 presents both promise and peril. Companies collect, use and share our 8 personal data in ways that can be difficult for ordinary consumers to 9 understand. Opaque data processing policies make it impossible to evalu- 10 ate risks and compare privacy-related protections across services, 11 stifling competition. Algorithms quietly make decisions with critical 12 consequences for New York consumers, often with no human accountability. 13 Behavioral advertising generates profits by turning people into products 14 and their activity into assets. New York consumers deserve more notice 15 and more control over their data and their digital privacy. 16 2. This act seeks to help New York consumers regain their privacy. It 17 gives New York consumers the ability to exercise more control over their 18 personal data and requires businesses to be responsible, thoughtful, and 19 accountable managers of that information. To achieve this, this act 20 provides New York consumers a number of new rights, including clear 21 notice of how their data is being used, processed and shared; the abili- 22 ty to access and obtain a copy of their data in a commonly used elec- 23 tronic format, with the ability to transfer it between services; the 24 ability to correct inaccurate data and to delete their data; and the 25 ability to challenge certain automated decisions. This act also imposes EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets [] is old law to be omitted. LBD01642-06-3A. 7423 2 1 obligations upon businesses to maintain reasonable data security for 2 personal data, to notify New York consumers of foreseeable harms arising 3 from use of their data and to obtain specific consent for that use, and 4 to conduct regular assessments to ensure that data is not being used for 5 unacceptable purposes. These data assessments can be obtained and evalu- 6 ated by the New York State Attorney General, who is empowered to obtain 7 penalties for violations of this act and prevent future violations. 8 § 3. The general business law is amended by adding a new article 42 to 9 read as follows: 10 ARTICLE 42 11 NEW YORK PRIVACY ACT 12 Section 1100. Definitions. 13 1101. Jurisdictional scope. 14 1102. Consumer rights. 15 1103. Controller, processor, and third party responsibilities. 16 1104. Data brokers. 17 1105. Limitations. 18 1106. Enforcement. 19 1107. Miscellaneous. 20 § 1100. Definitions. The following definitions apply for the purposes 21 of this article unless the context clearly requires otherwise: 22 1. "Automated decision-making" or "automated decision" means a compu- 23 tational process, including one derived from machine learning, artifi- 24 cial intelligence, or any other automated process, involving personal 25 data that results in a decision affecting a consumer. 26 2. "Biometric information" means any personal data generated from the 27 measurement or specific technological processing of a natural person's 28 biological, physical, or physiological characteristics that allows or 29 confirms the unique identification of a natural person, including fing- 30 erprints, voice prints, iris or retina scans, facial scans or templates, 31 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) information, and gait. "Biometric informa- 32 tion" does not include a digital or physical photograph, an audio or 33 video recording, or any data generated from a digital or physical photo- 34 graph, or an audio or video recording, unless such data is generated to 35 identify a specific individual. 36 3. "Business associate" has the same meaning as in Title 45 of the 37 C.F.R., established pursuant to the federal Health Insurance Portability 38 and Accountability Act of 1996. 39 4. "Consent" means a clear affirmative act signifying a freely given, 40 specific, informed, and unambiguous indication of a consumer's agreement 41 to the processing of data relating to the consumer. Consent may be 42 withdrawn at any time, and a controller must provide clear, conspicuous, 43 and consumer-friendly means to withdraw consent. The burden of estab- 44 lishing consent is on the controller. Consent does not include: (a) an 45 agreement of general terms of use or a similar document that references 46 unrelated information in addition to personal data processing; (b) an 47 agreement obtained through fraud, deceit or deception; (c) any act that 48 does not constitute a user's intent to interact with another party such 49 as hovering over, pausing or closing any content; or (d) a pre-checked 50 box or similar default. 51 5. "Consumer" means a natural person who is a New York resident acting 52 only in an individual or household context. It does not include a 53 natural person known to be acting in a professional or employment 54 context. 55 6. "Controller" means the person who, alone or jointly with others, 56 determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data.A. 7423 3 1 7. "Covered entity" has the same meaning as in Title 45 of the C.F.R., 2 established pursuant to the federal Health Insurance Portability and 3 Accountability Act of 1996. 4 8. "Data broker" means a person, or unit or units of a legal entity, 5 separately or together, that does business in the state of New York and 6 knowingly collects, and sells to other controllers or third parties, the 7 personal data of a consumer with whom it does not have a direct 8 relationship. "Data broker" does not include any of the following: 9 (a) a consumer reporting agency to the extent that it is covered by 10 the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (15 U.S.C. Sec. 1681 et seq.); or 11 (b) a financial institution to the extent that it is covered by the 12 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (Public Law 106-102) and implementing regu- 13 lations. 14 9. "Decisions that produce legal or similarly significant effects" 15 means decisions made by the controller that result in the provision or 16 denial by the controller of financial or lending services, housing, 17 insurance, education enrollment or opportunity, criminal justice, 18 employment opportunities, health care services or access to essential 19 goods or services. 20 10. "Deidentified data" means data that cannot reasonably be used to 21 infer information about, or otherwise be linked to a particular consum- 22 er, household or device, provided that the processor or controller that 23 possesses the data: 24 (a) implements reasonable technical safeguards to ensure that the data 25 cannot be associated with a consumer, household or device; 26 (b) publicly commits to process the data only as deidentified data and 27 not attempt to reidentify the data, except that the controller or 28 processor may attempt to reidentify the information solely for the 29 purpose of determining whether its deidentification processes satisfy 30 the requirements of this subdivision; and 31 (c) contractually obligates any recipients of the data to comply with 32 all provisions of this article. 33 11. "Device" means any physical object that is capable of connecting 34 to the internet, directly or indirectly, or to another device and is 35 intended for use by a natural person or household or, if used outside 36 the home, for use by the general public. 37 12. "Household" means a group, however identified, of consumers who 38 cohabitate with one another at the same residential address and may 39 share use of common devices or services. 40 13. "Identified or identifiable" means a natural person who can be 41 identified, directly or indirectly, such as by reference to an identifi- 42 er such as a name, an identification number, location data, or an online 43 or device identifier. 44 14. "Meaningful human review" means review or oversight by one or more 45 individuals who (a) are trained in the capabilities and limitations of 46 the algorithm at issue and the procedures to interpret and act on the 47 output of the algorithm, and (b) have the authority to alter the auto- 48 mated decision under review. 49 15. "Natural person" means a natural person acting only in an individ- 50 ual or household context. It does not include a natural person known to 51 be acting in a professional or employment context. 52 16. "Person" means a natural person or a legal entity, including but 53 not limited to a proprietorship, partnership, limited partnership, 54 corporation, company, limited liability company or corporation, associ- 55 ation, or other firm or similar body, or any unit, division, agency, 56 department, or similar subdivision thereof.A. 7423 4 1 17. "Personal data" means any data that identifies or could reasonably 2 be linked, directly or indirectly, with a specific natural person, or 3 household. Personal data does not include deidentified data, informa- 4 tion that is lawfully made publicly available from federal, state or 5 local government records, or information that a controller has a reason- 6 able basis to believe is lawfully made available to the general public 7 by the consumer or from widely distributed media. 8 18. "Precise geolocation data" means information derived from technol- 9 ogy, including, but not limited to, global position system level lati- 10 tude and longitude coordinates or other mechanisms, that directly iden- 11 tifies the specific location of an individual with precision and 12 accuracy within a radius of one thousand seven hundred fifty feet, 13 except as prescribed by regulations. Precise geolocation data does not 14 include the content of communications or any data generated by or 15 connected to advance utility metering infrastructure systems or equip- 16 ment for use by a utility. 17 19. "Process", "processes" or "processing" means an operation or set 18 of operations which are performed on data or on sets of data, including 19 but not limited to the collection, use, access, sharing, monetization, 20 analysis, retention, creation, generation, derivation, recording, organ- 21 ization, structuring, storage, disclosure, transmission, analysis, 22 disposal, licensing, destruction, deletion, modification, or deidentifi- 23 cation of data. 24 20. "Processor" means a person that processes data on behalf of the 25 controller. 26 21. "Profiling" means any form of automated processing performed on 27 personal data to evaluate, analyze, or predict personal aspects related 28 to an identified or identifiable natural person's economic situation, 29 health, personal preferences, interests, reliability, behavior, 30 location, or movements. Profiling does not include evaluation, analy- 31 sis, or prediction based solely upon a natural person's current search 32 query or activities on, or current visit to, the controller's website or 33 online application. 34 22. "Protected health information" has the same meaning as in Title 45 35 C.F.R., established pursuant to the federal Health Insurance Portability 36 and Accountability Act of 1996. 37 23. "Sale", "sell", or "sold" means the disclosure, transfer, convey- 38 ance, sharing, licensing, making available, processing, granting of 39 permission or authorization to process, or other exchange of personal 40 data, or providing access to personal data for monetary or other valu- 41 able consideration by the controller to a third party. "Sale" includes 42 enabling, facilitating or providing access to personal data for targeted 43 advertising. "Sale" does not include the following: 44 (a) the disclosure of data to a processor who processes the data on 45 behalf of the controller and which is contractually prohibited from 46 using it for any purpose other than as instructed by the controller; 47 (b) the disclosure or transfer of data as an asset that is part of a 48 merger, acquisition, bankruptcy, or other transaction in which another 49 entity assumes control or ownership of all or a majority of the control- 50 ler's assets; or 51 (c) the disclosure of presonal data to a third party necessary for 52 purposes of providing a product, service, or interaction with such third 53 party, when the consumer intentionally and unambiguously requests such 54 disclosure. 55 24. "Sensitive data" means personal data that reveals:A. 7423 5 1 (a) racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs, mental or physical 2 health condition or diagnosis, sex life, sexual orientation, or citizen- 3 ship or immigration status; 4 (b) genetic or biometric information for the purpose of uniquely iden- 5 tifying a natural person; 6 (c) precise geolocation data; or 7 (d) social security, financial account, passport or driver's license 8 numbers. 9 25. "Targeted advertising" means advertising based upon profiling. 10 26. "Third party" means, with respect to a particular interaction or 11 occurrence, a person, public authority, agency, or body other than the 12 consumer, the controller, or processor of the controller. A third party 13 may also be a controller if the third party, alone or jointly with 14 others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal 15 data. 16 27. "Verified request" means a request by a consumer or their agent to 17 exercise a right authorized by this article, the authenticity of which 18 has been ascertained by the controller in accordance with paragraph (c) 19 of subdivision eight of section eleven hundred two of this article. 20 § 1101. Jurisdictional scope. 1. This article applies to legal persons 21 that conduct business in New York or produce products or services that 22 are targeted to residents of New York, and that satisfy one or more of 23 the following thresholds: 24 (a) have annual gross revenue of twenty-five million dollars or more; 25 (b) controls or processes personal data of fifty thousand consumers or 26 more; or 27 (c) derives over fifty percent of gross revenue from the sale of 28 personal data. 29 2. This article does not apply to: 30 (a) personal data processed by state and local governments, and munic- 31 ipal corporations, for processes other than sale (filing and processing 32 fees are not sale); 33 (b) a national securities association registered pursuant to section 34 15A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or regulations 35 adopted thereunder or a registered futures association so designated 36 pursuant to section 17 of the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended, or any 37 regulations adopted thereunder; 38 (c) any nonprofit entity identified in section four hundred five of 39 the financial services law to the extent such organization collects, 40 processes, uses, or shares data solely in relation to identifying, 41 investigating, or assisting (i) law enforcement agencies in connection 42 with suspected insurance-related criminal or fraudulent acts; or (ii) 43 first responders in connection with catastrophic events; 44 (d) information that meets the following criteria: 45 (i) personal data collected, processed, sold, or disclosed pursuant to 46 and in compliance with the federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley act (P.L. 47 106-102), and implementing regulations; 48 (ii) personal data collected, processed, sold, or disclosed pursuant 49 to the federal Driver's Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (18 U.S.C. Sec. 50 2721 et seq.), if the collection, processing, sale, or disclosure is in 51 compliance with that law; 52 (iii) personal data regulated by the federal Family Educational Rights 53 and Privacy Act, U.S.C. Sec. 1232g and its implementing regulations; 54 (iv) personal data collected, processed, sold, or disclosed pursuant 55 to the federal Farm Credit Act of 1971 (as amended in 12 U.S.C. Sec. 56 2001-2279cc) and its implementing regulations (12 C.F.R. Part 600 etA. 7423 6 1 seq.) if the collection, processing, sale, or disclosure is in compli- 2 ance with that law; 3 (v) personal data regulated by section two-d of the education law; 4 (vi) data maintained as employment records, for purposes other than 5 sale; 6 (vii) protected health information that is lawfully collected by a 7 covered entity or business associate and is governed by the privacy, 8 security, and breach notification rules issued by the United States 9 Department of Health and Human Services, Parts 160 and 164 of Title 45 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, established pursuant to the Health 11 Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (Public Law 12 104-191) ("HIPAA") and the Health Information Technology for Economic 13 and Clinical Health Act (Public Law 111-5); 14 (viii) patient identifying information for purposes of 42 C.F.R. Part 15 2, established pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Sec. 290dd-2, as long as such data 16 is not sold in violation of HIPAA or any state or federal law; 17 (ix) information and documents lawfully created for purposes of the 18 federal Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986, and related regu- 19 lations; 20 (x) patient safety work product created for purposes of 42 C.F.R. Part 21 3, established pursuant to 42 U.S.C. Sec. 299b-21 through 299b-26; 22 (xi) information that is treated in the same manner as information 23 exempt under subparagraph (vii) of this paragraph that is maintained by 24 a covered entity or business associate as defined by HIPAA or a program 25 or a qualified service organization as defined by 42 U.S.C. § 290dd-2, 26 as long as such data is not sold in violation of HIPAA or any state or 27 federal law; 28 (xii) deidentified health information that meets all of the following 29 conditions: 30 (A) it is deidentified in accordance with the requirements for deiden- 31 tification set forth in Section 164.514 of Part 164 of Title 45 of the 32 Code of Federal Regulations; 33 (B) it is derived from protected health information, individually 34 identifiable health information, or identifiable private information 35 compliant with the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, 36 also known as the Common Rule; and 37 (C) a covered entity or business associate does not attempt to reiden- 38 tify the information nor do they actually reidentify the information 39 except as otherwise allowed under state or federal law; 40 (xiii) information maintained by a covered entity or business associ- 41 ate governed by the privacy, security, and breach notification rules 42 issued by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, 43 Parts 160 and 164 of Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations, estab- 44 lished pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability 45 Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-191), to the extent the covered entity or 46 business associate maintains the information in the same manner as 47 protected health information as described in subparagraph (vii) of this 48 paragraph; 49 (xiv) data collected as part of human subjects research, including a 50 clinical trial, conducted in accordance with the Federal Policy for the 51 Protection of Human Subjects, also known as the Common Rule, pursuant to 52 good clinical practice guidelines issued by the International Council 53 for Harmonisation or pursuant to human subject protection requirements 54 of the United States Food and Drug Administration; 55 (xv) personal data processed only for one or more of the following 56 purposes:A. 7423 7 1 (A) product registration and tracking consistent with applicable 2 United States Food and Drug Administration regulations and guidance; 3 (B) public health activities and purposes as described in Section 4 164.512 of Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations; and/or 5 (C) activities related to quality, safety, or effectiveness regulated 6 by the United States Food and Drug Administration; or 7 (xvi) personal data collected, processed, or disclosed pursuant to and 8 in compliance with any opt-out program authorized by the public service 9 commission or any other opt-out community distributed generation 10 programs authorized in law; or 11 (e) (i) an activity involving the collection, maintenance, disclosure, 12 sale, communication, or use of any personal data bearing on a consumer's 13 credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general 14 reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living by a consumer 15 reporting agency, as defined in Title 15 U.S.C. Sec. 1681a(f), by a 16 furnisher of information, as set forth in Title 15 U.S.C. Sec. 1681s-2, 17 who provides information for use in a consumer report, as defined in 18 Title 15 U.S.C. Sec. 1861a(d), and by a user of a consumer report, as 19 set forth in Title 15 U.S.C. Sec. 1681b.; and 20 (ii) this paragraph shall apply only to the extent that such activity 21 involving the collection, maintenance, disclosure, sale, communication, 22 or use of such data by that agency, furnisher, or user is subject to 23 regulation under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, Title 15 U.S.C. Sec. 24 1681 et seq., and the data is not collected, maintained, used, communi- 25 cated, disclosed, or sold except as authorized by the Fair Credit 26 Reporting Act. 27 § 1102. Consumer rights. 1. Right to notice. (a) Notice. Each control- 28 ler that processes a consumer's personal data must make publicly and 29 consistently available, in a conspicuous and readily accessible manner, 30 a notice containing the following: 31 (i) a description of the consumer's rights under subdivisions two 32 through seven of this section and how a consumer may exercise those 33 rights, including how to withdraw consent; 34 (ii) the categories of personal data processed by the controller and 35 by any processor who processes personal data on behalf of the control- 36 ler; 37 (iii) the sources from which personal data is collected; 38 (iv) the purposes for processing personal data; 39 (v) the categories of third parties to whom the controller disclosed, 40 shared, transferred or sold personal data and, for each category of 41 third party, (A) the categories of personal data being shared, 42 disclosed, transferred, or sold to the third party, (B) the purposes for 43 which personal data is being shared, disclosed, transferred, or sold to 44 the third party, (C) any applicable retention periods for each category 45 of personal data processed by the third parties or processed on their 46 behalf, or if that is not possible, the criteria used to determine the 47 period, and (D) whether the third parties may use the personal data for 48 targeted advertising; and 49 (vi) the controller's retention period for each category of personal 50 data that they process or is processed on their behalf, or if that is 51 not possible, the criteria used to determine that period. 52 (b) Notice requirements. 53 (i) The notice must be written in easy-to-understand language and 54 format at an eighth grade reading level or below and in at least twelve 55 point font.A. 7423 8 1 (ii) The categories of personal data processed and purposes for which 2 each category of personal data is processed must be described in a clear 3 and conspicuous manner, at a level specific enough to enable a consumer 4 to exercise meaningful control over their personal data but not so 5 specific as to render the notice unhelpful to a consumer. 6 (iii) The notice must be dated with its effective date and updated at 7 least annually. When the information required to be disclosed to a 8 consumer pursuant to paragraph (a) of this subdivision has not changed 9 since the immediately previous notice (whether initial, annual, or 10 revised) provided to the consumer, a controller may issue a statement 11 that no changes have been made. 12 (iv) The notice, as well as each version of the notice in effect in 13 the preceding six years, must be easily accessible to consumers and 14 capable of being viewed by consumers at any time. 15 2. Right to opt out. (a) A controller must allow consumers the right 16 to opt out, at any time, of processing personal data concerning the 17 consumer for the purposes of: 18 (i) targeted advertising; 19 (ii) the sale of personal data; and 20 (iii) profiling in furtherance of decisions that produce legal or 21 similarly significant effects concerning a consumer. 22 (b) A controller must provide clear and conspicuous means for the 23 consumer or their agent to opt out of processing and clearly present as 24 the most conspicuous choice an option to simultaneously opt out of all 25 processing purposes set forth in paragraph (a) of this subdivision. 26 (c) A controller must not process personal data for any purpose from 27 which the consumer has opted out. 28 (d) A controller must not request that a consumer who has opted out of 29 certain purposes of processing personal data opt back in, unless those 30 purposes subsequently become necessary to provide the services or goods 31 requested by a consumer. Targeted advertising and sale of personal data 32 shall not be considered processing purposes that are necessary to 33 provide service or goods requested by a consumer. 34 (e) Controllers must treat user-enabled privacy controls in a browser, 35 browser plug-in, smartphone application, operating system, device 36 setting, or other mechanism that communicates or signals the consumer's 37 choice not to opt out of the processing of personal data in furtherance 38 of targeted advertising, the sale of their personal data, or profiling 39 in furtherance of decisions that produce legal or similarly significant 40 effects concerning the consumer as an opt out under this article. To the 41 extent that the privacy control conflicts with a consumer's consent, the 42 controller shall comply with the privacy control but may notify the 43 consumer of such conflict and provide to such consumer the choice to 44 give controller specific consent to such processing. 45 3. Sensitive data. (a) A controller must obtain freely given, specif- 46 ic, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent from a consumer to: 47 (i) process the consumer's sensitive data related to that consumer for 48 any purpose other than those in subdivision two of section eleven 49 hundred five of this article; or 50 (ii) make any changes to the existing processing or processing 51 purpose, including those regarding the method and scope of collection, 52 of the consumer's sensitive data that may be less protective of the 53 consumer's sensitive data than the processing to which the consumer has 54 previously given their freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous 55 opt-in consent.A. 7423 9 1 (b) Any request for consent to process sensitive data must be provided 2 to the consumer, prior to processing their sensitive data, in a stand- 3 alone disclosure that is separate and apart from any contract or privacy 4 policy. The request for consent must: 5 (i) be written in a twelve point font or greater and include a clear 6 and conspicuous description of each category of data and processing 7 purpose for which consent is sought; 8 (ii) clearly identify and distinguish between categories of data and 9 processing purposes that are necessary to provide the services or goods 10 requested by the consumer and categories of data and processing purposes 11 that are not necessary to provide the services or goods requested by the 12 consumer; 13 (iii) enable a reasonable consumer to easily identify the categories 14 of data and processing purposes for which consent is sought; 15 (iv) clearly present as the most conspicuous choice an option to 16 provide only the consent necessary to provide the services or goods 17 requested by the consumer; 18 (v) clearly present an option to deny consent; and 19 (vi) where the request seeks consent to sharing, disclosure, transfer, 20 or sale of sensitive data to third parties, identify the categories of 21 such third parties, the categories of data sold or shared with them, the 22 processing purposes, the retention period, or if that is not possible, 23 the criteria used to determine the period, and state if such sharing, 24 disclosure, transfer, or sale enables or involves targeted advertising. 25 The details of the categories of such third parties, and the categories 26 of data, processing purposes, and the retention period, may be set forth 27 in a different disclosure, provided that the request for consent 28 contains a conspicuous and directly accessible link to that disclosure. 29 (c) Targeted advertising and sale of personal data shall not be 30 considered processing purposes that are necessary to provide services or 31 goods requested by a consumer. 32 (d) Once a consumer has provided freely given, specific, informed, and 33 unambiguous opt-in consent to process their sensitive data for a proc- 34 essing purpose, a controller may rely on such consent until it is with- 35 drawn. 36 (e) A controller must provide a mechanism for a consumer to withdraw 37 previously given consent at any time. Such mechanism shall make it as 38 easy for a consumer to withdraw their consent as it is for such consumer 39 to provide consent. 40 (f) A controller must not infer that a consumer has provided freely 41 given, specific, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent from the 42 consumer's inaction or the consumer's continued use of a service or 43 product provided by the controller. 44 (g) Controllers must not request consent from a consumer who has 45 previously withheld or denied consent to process sensitive data, until 46 at least twelve months after a denial, unless consent is necessary to 47 provide the services or goods requested by the consumer. 48 (h) Controllers must treat user-enabled privacy controllers in a brow- 49 ser, browser plug-in, smartphone application, operating system, device 50 setting, or other mechanism that communicates or signals the consumer's 51 choices to opt out of the processing of personal data in furtherance of 52 targeted advertising, the sale of their personal data, or profiling in 53 furtherance of decisions that produce legal or similarly significant 54 effects concerning the consumer as a denial of consent to process sensi- 55 tive data under this article. To the extent that the privacy control 56 conflicts with a consumer's consent, the privacy control settingsA. 7423 10 1 govern, unless the consumer provides freely given, specific, informed, 2 and unambiguous opt-in consent to override the privacy control, however, 3 the controller may notify such consumer of such conflict and provide to 4 the consumer the choice to give controller-specific consent to such 5 processing. 6 (i) (i) A controller must not discriminate against a consumer for 7 withholding or denying consent, including, but not limited to, by: 8 (A) denying services or goods to the consumer, unless the consumer 9 does not consent to processing necessary to provide the services or 10 goods requested by the consumer; 11 (B) charging different prices for goods or services, including through 12 the use of discounts or other benefits, imposing penalties, or providing 13 a different level or quality of services or goods to the consumer; or 14 (C) suggesting that the consumer will receive a different price or 15 rate for goods or services or a different level or quality of services 16 or goods. 17 (ii) A controller shall not be prohibited from offering a different 18 price, rate, level, quality, or selection of goods or services to a 19 consumer, including offering goods or services for no fee, if the offer- 20 ing is in connection with a consumer's voluntary participation in bona 21 fide loyalty, rewards, premium features, discounts, or club card 22 program. If a consumer exercises their right pursuant to paragraph (a) 23 of subdivision two of this section, a controller may not sell personal 24 data to a third party controller as part of such a program unless: (A) 25 the sale is reasonably necessary to enable the third party to provide a 26 benefit to which the consumer is entitled; (B) the sale of personal data 27 to third parties is clearly disclosed in the terms of the program; and 28 (C) the third party uses the personal data only for purposes of facili- 29 tating such a benefit to which the consumer is entitled and does not 30 retain or otherwise use or disclose the personal data for any other 31 purpose. 32 (j) A controller may, with the consumer's freely given, specific, 33 informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent given pursuant to this section, 34 operate a program in which information, products, or services sold to 35 the consumer are discounted based solely on such consumer's prior 36 purchases from the controller, provided that any sensitive data used to 37 operate such program is processed solely for the purpose of operating 38 such program. 39 (k) In the event of a merger, acquisition, bankruptcy, or other trans- 40 action in which another entity assumes control or ownership of all or 41 majority of the controller's assets, any consent provided to the 42 controller by a consumer relating to sensitive data prior to such trans- 43 action other than consent to processing necessary to provide services or 44 goods requested by the consumer, shall be deemed withdrawn. 45 4. Right to access. Upon the verified request of a consumer, a 46 controller shall: 47 (a) confirm whether or not the controller is processing or has proc- 48 essed personal data of that consumer, and provide access to a copy of 49 any such personal data in a manner understandable to a reasonable 50 consumer when requested; and 51 (b) provide the category of each processor or third party to whom the 52 controller disclosed, transferred, or sold the consumer's personal data 53 and, for each category of processor or third party, (i) the categories 54 of the consumer's personal data disclosed, transferred, or sold to each 55 processor or third party and (ii) the purposes for which each categoryA. 7423 11 1 of the consumer's personal data was disclosed, transferred, or sold to 2 each processor or third party. 3 5. Right to portable data. Upon a verified request, and to the extent 4 technically feasible, the controller must: (a) provide to the consumer a 5 copy of all of, or a portion of, as designated in a verified request, 6 the consumer's personal data in a structured, commonly used and 7 machine-readable format and (b) transmit the data to another person of 8 the consumer's or their agent's designation without hindrance. 9 6. Right to correct. (a) Upon the verified request of a consumer or 10 their agent, a controller must conduct a reasonable investigation to 11 determine whether personal data, the accuracy of which is disputed by 12 the consumer, is inaccurate, with such investigation to be concluded 13 within the time period set forth in paragraph (a) of subdivision eight 14 of this section. 15 (b) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) of this subdivision, a controller 16 may terminate an investigation initiated pursuant to such paragraph if 17 the controller reasonably and in good faith determines that the dispute 18 by the consumer is wholly without merit, including by reason of a fail- 19 ure by a consumer to provide sufficient information to investigate the 20 disputed personal data. Upon making any determination in accordance with 21 this paragraph that a dispute is wholly without merit, a controller 22 must, within the time period set forth in paragraph (a) of subdivision 23 eight of this section, provide the affected consumer a statement in 24 writing that includes, at a minimum, the specific reasons for the deter- 25 mination, and identification of any information required to investigate 26 the disputed personal data, which may consist of a standardized form 27 describing the general nature of such information. 28 (c) If, after any investigation under paragraph (a) of this subdivi- 29 sion of any personal data disputed by a consumer, an item of the 30 personal data is found to be inaccurate or incomplete, or cannot be 31 verified, the controller must: 32 (i) correct the inaccurate or incomplete personal data of the consum- 33 er; and 34 (ii) unless it proves impossible or involves disproportionate effort, 35 communicate such request to each processor or third party to whom the 36 controller disclosed, transferred, or sold the personal data within one 37 year preceding the consumer's request, and to require those processors 38 or third parties to do the same for any further processors or third 39 parties they disclosed, transferred, or sold the personal data to. 40 (d) If the investigation does not resolve the dispute, the consumer 41 may file with the controller a brief statement setting forth the nature 42 of the dispute. Whenever a statement of a dispute is filed, unless there 43 exists reasonable grounds to believe that it is wholly without merit, 44 the controller must note that it is disputed by the consumer and include 45 either the consumer's statement or a clear and accurate codification or 46 summary thereof with the disputed personal data whenever it is 47 disclosed, transferred, or sold to any processor or third party. 48 7. Right to delete. (a) Upon the verified request of a consumer, a 49 controller must: 50 (i) within forty-five days after receiving the verified request, 51 delete any or all of the consumer's personal data, as directed by the 52 consumer or their agent, that the controller possesses or controls; and 53 (ii) unless it proves impossible or involves disproportionate effort 54 that is documented in writing by the controller, communicate such 55 request to each processor or third party to whom the controller 56 disclosed, transferred or sold the personal data within one year preced-A. 7423 12 1 ing the consumer's request and to require those processors or third 2 parties to do the same for any further processors or third parties they 3 disclosed, transferred, or sold the personal data to. 4 (b) For personal data that is not possessed by the controller but by a 5 processor of the controller, the controller may choose to (i) communi- 6 cate the consumer's request for deletion to the processor, or (ii) 7 request that the processor return to the controller the personal data 8 that is the subject of the consumer's request and delete such personal 9 data upon receipt of the request. 10 (c) A consumer's deletion of their online account must be treated as a 11 request to the controller to delete all of that consumer's personal data 12 directly related to that account. 13 (d) A controller must maintain reasonable procedures designed to 14 prevent the reappearance in its systems, and in any data it discloses, 15 transfers, or sells to any processor or third party, the personal data 16 that is deleted pursuant to this subdivision. 17 (e) A controller is not required to comply with a consumer's request 18 to delete personal data if: 19 (i) complying with the request would prevent the controller from 20 performing accounting functions, processing refunds, effectuating a 21 product recall pursuant to federal or state law, or fulfilling warranty 22 claims, provided that the personal data that is the subject of the 23 request is not processed for any purpose other than such specific activ- 24 ities; or 25 (ii) it is necessary for the controller to maintain the consumer's 26 personal data to engage in public or peer-reviewed scientific, histor- 27 ical, or statistical research in the public interest that adheres to all 28 other applicable ethics and privacy laws, when the controller's deletion 29 of the information is likely to render impossible or seriously impair 30 the achievement of such research, provided that the consumer has given 31 informed consent and the personal data is not processed for any purpose 32 other than such research. 33 (f) Where a consumer's request for deletion is denied, the controller 34 shall provide the consumer with a written justification for such denial. 35 8. Responding to requests. (a) A controller must take action under 36 subdivisions four through seven of this section and inform the consumer 37 of any actions taken without undue delay and in any event within forty- 38 five days of receipt of the request. That period may be extended once by 39 forty-five additional days where reasonably necessary, taking into 40 account the complexity and number of the requests. The controller must 41 inform the consumer of any such extension within forty-five days of 42 receipt of the request, together with the reasons for the delay. When a 43 controller denies any such request, it must within this period disclose 44 to the consumer a statement in writing of the specific reasons for the 45 denial and instructions for how to appeal the decision. 46 (b) A controller shall permit the exercise of rights and carry out its 47 obligations set forth in subdivisions four through seven of this section 48 free of charge, at least twice annually to the consumer. Where requests 49 from a consumer are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular 50 because of their repetitive character, the controller may either (i) 51 charge a reasonable fee to cover the administrative costs of complying 52 with the request or (ii) refuse to act on the request and notify the 53 consumer of the reason for refusing the request. The controller bears 54 the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive char- 55 acter of the request.A. 7423 13 1 (c) (i) A controller shall promptly attempt, using commercially 2 reasonable efforts, to verify that all requests to exercise any rights 3 set forth in any section of this article requiring a verified request 4 were made by the consumer who is the subject of the data, or by a person 5 lawfully exercising the right on behalf of the consumer who is the 6 subject of the data. Commercially reasonable efforts shall be determined 7 based on the totality of the circumstances, including the nature of the 8 data implicated by the request. 9 (ii) A controller may require the consumer to provide additional 10 information only if the request cannot reasonably be verified without 11 the provision of such additional information. A controller must not 12 transfer or process any such additional information provided pursuant to 13 this section for any other purpose and must delete any such additional 14 information without undue delay and in any event within forty-five days 15 after the controller has notified the consumer that it has taken action 16 on a request under subdivisions four through seven of this section as 17 described in paragraph (a) of this subdivision. 18 (iii) If a controller discloses this additional information to any 19 processor or third party for the purpose of verifying a consumer 20 request, it must notify the receiving processor or third party at the 21 time of such disclosure, or as close in time to the disclosure as is 22 reasonably practicable, that such information was provided by the 23 consumer for the sole purpose of verification and cannot be processed 24 for any purpose other than verification. 25 9. Implementation of rights. Controllers must provide easily accessi- 26 ble and convenient means for consumers to exercise their rights under 27 this article. 28 10. Non-waiver of rights. Any provision of a contract or agreement of 29 any kind that purports to waive or limit in any way a consumer's rights 30 under this article is contrary to public policy and is void and unen- 31 forceable. 32 § 1103. Controller, processor, and third party responsibilities. 1. 33 Controller responsibilities. (a) Data protection assessments. (i) A 34 controller shall regularly conduct and document a data protection 35 assessment for each of the controller's processing activities that 36 presents a heightened risk of harm to a consumer. For the purposes of 37 this section, processing that presents a heightened risk of harm to a 38 consumer includes: (A) the processing of personal data for the purposes 39 of targeting advertising, (B) the sale of personal data, (C) the proc- 40 essing of personal data for the purposes of profiling, where such 41 profiling presents a reasonably foreseeable risk of (I) unfair or decep- 42 tive treatment of, or unlawful disparate impact on consumers, (II) 43 financial, physical or reputational injury to consumers, (III) a phys- 44 ical or other intrusion upon the solitude or seclusion, or the private 45 affairs or concerns of consumers where such intrusion would be offensive 46 to a reasonable person, or (IV) other substantial injury to consumers; 47 and (D) the processing of sensitive data. 48 (ii) Data protection assessments conducted pursuant to subparagraph 49 (i) of this paragraph shall identify and weigh the benefits that may 50 flow, directly and indirectly, from the processing to the controller, 51 the consumer, other stakeholders and the public against the potential 52 risks to the rights of the consumer associated with such processing, as 53 mitigated by safeguards that can be employed by the controller to reduce 54 such risks. The controller shall factor into any such data protection 55 assessment that use of deidentified data and the reasonable expectations 56 of consumers, as well as the context of the processing and the relation-A. 7423 14 1 ship between the controller and the consumer whose personal data will be 2 processed. 3 (iii) The attorney general may require that a controller disclose any 4 data protection assessment that is relevant to an investigation 5 conducted by the attorney general, and the controller shall make the 6 data protection assessment available to the attorney general. The attor- 7 ney general may evaluate the data protection assessment to assess 8 compliance with the provisions of this article. Data protection assess- 9 ments shall be confidential and shall be exempt from disclosure under 10 the freedom of information law. To the extent any information contained 11 in a data protection assessment disclosure to the attorney general 12 includes information subject to attorney-client privilege or work prod- 13 uct protection, such disclosure shall not constitute a waiver of such 14 privilege or protection. 15 (iv) A single data protection assessment may address a comparable set 16 of processing operations that include similar activities. 17 (v) If a controller conducts a data protection assessment for the 18 purpose of complying with another applicable law or regulation, the data 19 protection assessment shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements estab- 20 lished in this section if such data protection assessment is reasonably 21 similar in scope and effect to the data protection assessment that would 22 otherwise be conducted pursuant to this section. 23 (vi) Data protection assessment requirements shall apply to processing 24 activities created or generated after the effective date of this arti- 25 cle. 26 (b) Controllers must not engage in unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts 27 or practices with respect to obtaining consumer consent, the processing 28 of personal data, and a consumer's exercise of any rights under this 29 article, including without limitation: 30 (i) designing a user interface with the purpose or substantial effect 31 of deceiving consumers, obscuring consumers' rights under this article, 32 or subverting or impairing user autonomy, decision-making, or choice; or 33 (ii) obtaining consent in a manner designed to overpower a consumer's 34 resistance; for example, by making excessive requests for consent. 35 (c) Controllers must develop, implement, and maintain reasonable safe- 36 guards to protect the security, confidentiality and integrity of the 37 personal data of consumers including adopting reasonable administrative, 38 technical and physical safeguards appropriate to the volume and nature 39 of the personal data at issue. 40 (d) (i) A controller shall limit the use and retention of a consumer's 41 personal data to what is (A) necessary to provide the services or goods 42 requested by the consumer, (B) necessary for the internal business oper- 43 ations of the controller and consistent with the disclosures made to the 44 consumer pursuant to section eleven hundred two of this article, or (C) 45 necessary to comply with the legal obligations of the controller. 46 (ii) At least annually, a controller shall review its retention prac- 47 tices for the purpose of ensuring that it is maintaining the minimum 48 amount of personal data as is necessary for the operation of its busi- 49 ness. A controller must securely dispose of all personal data that is no 50 longer (A) necessary to provide the services or goods requested by the 51 consumer, (B) necessary for the internal business operations of the 52 controller and consistent with the disclosures made to the consumer 53 pursuant to section eleven hundred two of this article, or (C) necessary 54 to comply with the legal obligations of the controller.A. 7423 15 1 (e) Non-discrimination. (i) (A) A controller must not discriminate 2 against a consumer for exercising rights under this article, including 3 but not limited to, by: 4 (I) denying services or goods to consumers; 5 (II) charging different prices for services or goods, including 6 through the use of discounts or other benefits; imposing penalties; or 7 providing a different level or quality of services or goods to the 8 consumer; or 9 (III) suggesting that the consumer will receive a different price or 10 rate for services or goods or a different level or quality of services 11 or goods. 12 (B) A controller shall not be prohibited from offering a different 13 price, rate, level, quality, or selection of goods or services to a 14 consumer, including offering goods or services for no fee, if the offer- 15 ing is in connection with a consumer's voluntary participation in bona 16 fide loyalty, rewards, premium features, discounts, or club card 17 program. If a consumer exercises their right pursuant to paragraph (a) 18 of subdivision two of section eleven hundred two of this article, a 19 controller may not sell personal data to a third party controller as 20 part of such a program unless: (I) the sale is reasonably necessary to 21 enable the third party to provide a benefit to which the consumer is 22 entitled; (II) the sale of personal data to third parties is clearly 23 disclosed in the terms of the program; and (III) the third party uses 24 the personal data only for purposes of facilitating such a benefit to 25 which the consumer is entitled and does not retain or otherwise use or 26 disclose the personal data for any other purpose. 27 (ii) This paragraph does not apply to a controller's conduct with 28 respect to opt-in consent, in which case paragraph (j) of subdivision 29 three of section eleven hundred two of this article governs. 30 (f) Agreements with processors. (i) Before making any disclosure, 31 transfer, or sale of personal data to any processor, the controller must 32 enter into a written, signed contract with that processor. Such contract 33 must be binding and clearly set forth instructions for processing data, 34 the nature and purpose of processing, the type of data subject to proc- 35 essing, the duration of processing, and the rights and obligations of 36 both parties. The contract must also include requirements that the 37 processor must: 38 (A) ensure that each person processing personal data is subject to a 39 duty of confidentiality with respect to the data; 40 (B) protect the data in a manner consistent with the requirements of 41 this article and at least equal to the security requirements of the 42 controller set forth in their publicly available policies, notices, or 43 similar statements; 44 (C) process the data only when and to the extent necessary to comply 45 with its legal obligations to the controller unless otherwise explicitly 46 authorized by the controller; 47 (D) not combine the personal data which the processor receives from or 48 on behalf of the controller with personal data which the processor 49 receives from or on behalf of another person or collects from its own 50 interaction with consumers; 51 (E) comply with any exercises of a consumer's rights under section 52 eleven hundred two of this article upon the request of the controller, 53 subject to the limitations set forth in section eleven hundred five of 54 this article;A. 7423 16 1 (F) at the controller's direction, delete or return all personal data 2 to the controller as requested at the end of the provision of services, 3 unless retention of the personal data is required by law; 4 (G) upon the reasonable request of the controller, make available to 5 the controller all data in its possession necessary to demonstrate the 6 processor's compliance with the obligations in this article; 7 (H) allow, and cooperate with, reasonable assessments by the control- 8 ler or the controller's designated assessor; alternatively, the process- 9 or may arrange for a qualified and independent assessor to conduct an 10 assessment of the processor's policies and technical and organizational 11 measures in support of the obligations under this article using an 12 appropriate and accepted control standard or framework and assessment 13 procedure for such assessments. The processor shall provide a report of 14 such assessment to the controller upon request; 15 (I) a reasonable time in advance before disclosing or transferring the 16 data to any further processors, notify the controller of such a proposed 17 disclosure or transfer and provide the controller an opportunity to 18 approve or reject the proposal; and 19 (J) engage any further processor pursuant to a written, signed 20 contract that includes the contractual requirements provided in this 21 paragraph, containing at minimum the same obligations that the processor 22 has entered into with regard to the data. 23 (ii) A controller must not agree to indemnify, defend, or hold a 24 processor harmless, or agree to a provision that has the effect of 25 indemnifying, defending, or holding the processor harmless, from claims 26 or liability arising from the processor's breach of the contract 27 required by clause (A) of subparagraph (i) of this paragraph or a 28 violation of this article. Any provision of an agreement that violates 29 this subparagraph is contrary to public policy and is void and unen- 30 forceable. 31 (iii) Nothing in this paragraph relieves a controller or a processor 32 from the liabilities imposed on it by virtue of its role in the process- 33 ing relationship as defined by this article. 34 (iv) Determining whether a person is acting as a controller or proces- 35 sor with respect to a specific processing of data is a fact-based deter- 36 mination that depends upon the context in which personal data is to be 37 processed. A processor that continues to adhere to a controller's 38 instructions with respect to a specific processing of personal data 39 remains a processor. 40 (g) Third parties. (i) A controller must not share, disclose, trans- 41 fer, or sell personal data, or facilitate or enable the processing, 42 disclosure, transfer, or sale to a third party of personal data for 43 which a consumer has exercised their opt-out rights pursuant to subdivi- 44 sion two of section eleven hundred two of this article, or for which 45 consent of the consumer pursuant to subdivision three of section eleven 46 hundred two of this article, has not been obtained or is not currently 47 in effect. Any request for consent to share, disclose, transfer, or sell 48 personal data, or to facilitate or enable the processing, disclosure, 49 transfer, or sale of personal data to a third party of personal data to 50 a third party must clearly include the category of the third party and 51 the processing purposes for which the third party may use the personal 52 data. 53 (ii) A controller must not share, disclose, transfer, or sell personal 54 data, or facilitate or enable the processing, disclosure, transfer, or 55 sale to a third party of personal data if it can reasonably expect the 56 personal data of a consumer to be used for purposes for which a consumerA. 7423 17 1 has exercised their opt-out rights pursuant to subdivision two of 2 section eleven hundred two of this article, or for which the consumer 3 has not consented to pursuant to subdivision three of section eleven 4 hundred two of this article, or if it can reasonably expect that any 5 rights of the consumer provided in this article would be compromised as 6 a result of such transaction. 7 (iii) Before making any disclosure, transfer, or sale of personal data 8 to any third party, the controller must enter into a written, signed 9 contract. Such contract must be binding and the scope, nature, and 10 purpose of processing, the type of data subject to processing, the dura- 11 tion of processing, and the rights and obligations of both parties. 12 Such contract must include requirements that the third party: 13 (A) Process that data only to the extent permitted by the agreement 14 entered into with the controller; and 15 (B) Provide a mechanism to comply with any exercises of a consumer's 16 rights under section eleven hundred two of this article upon the request 17 of the controller, subject to any limitations thereon as authorized by 18 this article; and 19 (C) To the extent the disclosure, transfer, or sale of the personal 20 data causes the third party to become a controller, comply with all 21 obligations imposed on controllers under this article. 22 2. Processor responsibilities. (a) For any personal data that is 23 obtained, received, purchased, or otherwise acquired by a processor, 24 whether directly from a controller or indirectly from another processor, 25 the processor must comply with the requirements set forth in clauses (A) 26 through (J) of subparagraph (i) of paragraph (f) of subdivision one of 27 this section. 28 (b) A processor is not required to comply with a request submitted 29 pursuant to this article if (i) the consumer submits the request direct- 30 ly to the processor; and (ii) the processor has processed the consumer's 31 personal data solely in its role as a processor for a controller. 32 (c) Processors shall be under a continuing obligation to engage in 33 reasonable measures to review their activities for circumstances that 34 may have altered their ability to identify a specific natural person and 35 to update their classifications of data as identified or identifiable 36 accordingly. 37 (d) A processor shall not engage in any sale of personal data other 38 than on behalf of the controller pursuant to any agreement entered into 39 with the controller. 40 3. Third party responsibilities. For any personal data that is 41 obtained, received, purchased, or otherwise acquired or accessed by a 42 third party from a controller or processor, the third party must: 43 (a) Process that data only to the extent permitted by any agreements 44 entered into with the controller; 45 (b) Comply with any exercises of a consumer's rights under section 46 eleven hundred two of this article upon the request of the controller or 47 processor, subject to any limitations thereon as authorized by this 48 article; and 49 (c) To the extent the third party becomes a controller for personal 50 data, comply with all obligations imposed on controllers under this 51 article. 52 4. Exceptions. The requirements of this section shall not apply where: 53 (a) The processing is required by law; 54 (b) The processing is made pursuant to a request by a federal, state, 55 or local government or government entity; orA. 7423 18 1 (c) The processing significantly advances protection against criminal 2 or tortious activity. 3 § 1104. Data brokers. 1. A data broker, as defined under this article, 4 must annually, on or before January thirty-first following a year in 5 which a person meets the definition of data broker in this article: 6 (a) Register with the attorney general; 7 (b) Pay a registration fee of one hundred dollars or as otherwise 8 determined by the attorney general pursuant to the regulatory authority 9 granted to the attorney general under this article, not to exceed the 10 reasonable cost of establishing and maintaining the database and infor- 11 mational website described in this section; and 12 (c) Provide the following information: 13 (i) the name and primary physical, email, and internet website address 14 of the data broker; 15 (ii) the name and business address of an officer or registered agent 16 of the data broker authorized to accept legal process on behalf of the 17 data broker; 18 (iii) a statement describing the method for exercising consumers 19 rights under section eleven hundred two of this article; 20 (iv) a statement whether the data broker implements a purchaser 21 credentialing process; and 22 (v) any additional information or explanation the data broker chooses 23 to provide concerning its data collection practices. 24 2. Notwithstanding any other provision of this article, any controller 25 that conducts business in the state of New York must: 26 (a) annually, on or before January thirty-first following a year in 27 which a person meets the definition of controller in this act, provide 28 to the attorney general a list of all data brokers or persons reasonably 29 believed to be data brokers to which the controller provided personal 30 data in the preceding year; and 31 (b) not sell a consumer's personal data to an entity reasonably 32 believed to be a data broker that is not registered with the attorney 33 general. 34 3. The attorney general shall establish, manage and maintain a state- 35 wide registry on its internet website, which shall list all registered 36 data brokers and make accessible to the public all the information 37 provided by data brokers pursuant to this section. Printed hard copies 38 of such registry shall be made available upon request and payment of a 39 reasonable fee to be determined by the attorney general. 40 4. A data broker that fails to register as required by this section or 41 submits false information in its registration is, in addition to any 42 other injunction, penalty, or liability that may be imposed under this 43 article, liable for civil penalties, fees, and costs in an action 44 brought by the attorney general as follows: (a) a civil penalty of one 45 thousand dollars for each day the data broker fails to register as 46 required by this section or fails to correct false information, (b) an 47 amount equal to the fees that were due during the period it failed to 48 register, and (c) expenses incurred by the attorney general in the 49 investigation and prosecution of the action as the court deems appropri- 50 ate. 51 § 1105. Limitations. 1. This article does not require a controller or 52 processor to do any of the following solely for purposes of complying 53 with this article: 54 (a) Reidentify deidentified data;A. 7423 19 1 (b) Comply with a verified consumer request to access, correct, or 2 delete personal data pursuant to this article if all of the following 3 are true: 4 (i) The controller is not reasonably capable of associating the 5 request with the personal data; 6 (ii) The controller does not associate the personal data with other 7 personal data about the same specific consumer as part of its normal 8 business practice; and 9 (iii) The controller does not sell the personal data to any third 10 party or otherwise voluntarily disclose or transfer the personal data to 11 any processor or third party, except as otherwise permitted in this 12 article; or 13 (c) Maintain personal data in identifiable form, or collect, obtain, 14 retain, or access any personal data or technology, in order to be capa- 15 ble of associating a verified consumer request with personal data. 16 2. The obligations imposed on controllers and processors under this 17 article do not restrict a controller's or processor's ability to do any 18 of the following, to the extent that the use of the consumer's personal 19 data is reasonably necessary and proportionate for these purposes: 20 (a) Comply with federal, state, or local laws, rules, or regulations, 21 provided that no law enforcement agency or officer thereof shall access 22 personal data without a lawfully executed search warrant, except for the 23 attorney general for the purposes of enforcing this article, except 24 where otherwise provided specifically in federal law; 25 (b) Investigate, establish, exercise, prepare for, or defend legal 26 claims; 27 (c) Process personal data necessary to provide the services or goods 28 requested by a consumer; perform a contract to which the consumer is a 29 party; or take steps at the request of the consumer prior to entering 30 into a contract; 31 (d) Take immediate steps to protect the life or physical safety of the 32 consumer or of another natural person, and where the processing cannot 33 be manifestly based on another legal basis; 34 (e) Prevent, detect, protect against, or respond to security inci- 35 dents, identity theft, fraud, harassment, malicious or deceptive activ- 36 ities, or any illegal activity; preserve the integrity or security of 37 systems; or investigate, report, or prosecute those responsible for any 38 such action; 39 (f) Identify and repair technical errors that impair existing or 40 intended functionality; or 41 (g) Process business contact information, including a natural person's 42 name, position name or title, business telephone number, business 43 address, business electronic mail address, business fax number, or qual- 44 ifications and any other similar information about the natural person. 45 3. The obligations imposed on controllers or processors under this 46 article do not apply where compliance by the controller or processor 47 with this article would violate an evidentiary privilege under New York 48 law and do not prevent a controller or processor from providing personal 49 data concerning a consumer to a person covered by an evidentiary privi- 50 lege under New York law as part of a privileged communication. 51 4. A controller that receives a request pursuant to subdivisions four 52 through seven of section eleven hundred two of this article, or a 53 processor or third party to whom a controller communicates such a 54 request, may decline to fulfill the relevant part of such request if:A. 7423 20 1 (a) the controller, processor, or third party is unable to verify the 2 request using commercially reasonable efforts, as described in paragraph 3 (c) of subdivision eight of section eleven hundred two of this article; 4 (b) complying with the request would be demonstrably impossible (for 5 purposes of this paragraph, the receipt of a large number of verified 6 requests, on its own, is not sufficient to render compliance with a 7 request demonstrably impossible); 8 (c) complying with the request would impair the privacy of another 9 individual or the rights of another to exercise free speech; or 10 (d) the personal data was created by a natural person other than the 11 consumer making the request and is being processed for the purpose of 12 facilitating interpersonal relationships or public discussion. 13 § 1106. Enforcement. 1. Whenever it appears to the attorney general, 14 either upon complaint or otherwise, that any person or persons has 15 engaged in or is about to engage in any of the acts or practices stated 16 to be unlawful under this article, the attorney general may bring an 17 action or special proceeding in the name and on behalf of the people of 18 the state of New York to enjoin any violation of this article, to obtain 19 restitution of any moneys or property obtained directly or indirectly by 20 any such violation, to obtain disgorgement of any profits obtained 21 directly or indirectly by any such violation, to obtain civil penalties 22 of not more than twenty thousand dollars per violation, and to obtain 23 any such other and further relief as the court may deem proper, includ- 24 ing preliminary relief. 25 (a) Any action or special proceeding brought by the attorney general 26 pursuant to this section must be commenced within six years. 27 (b) Each instance of unlawful processing counts as a separate 28 violation. Unlawful processing of the personal data of more than one 29 consumer counts as a separate violation as to each consumer. Each 30 provision of this article that is violated counts as a separate 31 violation. 32 (c) In assessing the amount of penalties, the court must consider any 33 one or more of the relevant circumstances presented by any of the 34 parties, including, but not limited to, the nature and seriousness of 35 the misconduct, the number of violations, the persistence of the miscon- 36 duct, the length of time over which the misconduct occurred, the will- 37 fulness of the violator's misconduct, and the violator's financial 38 condition. 39 2. In connection with any proposed action or special proceeding under 40 this section, the attorney general is authorized to take proof and make 41 a determination of the relevant facts, and to issue subpoenas in accord- 42 ance with the civil practice law and rules. The attorney general may 43 also require such other data and information as he or she may deem rele- 44 vant and may require written responses to questions under oath. Such 45 power of subpoena and examination shall not abate or terminate by reason 46 of any action or special proceeding brought by the attorney general 47 under this article. 48 3. Any person, within or outside the state, who the attorney general 49 believes may be in possession, custody, or control of any books, papers, 50 or other things, or may have information, relevant to acts or practices 51 stated to be unlawful in this article is subject to the service of a 52 subpoena issued by the attorney general pursuant to this section. 53 Service may be made in any manner that is authorized for service of a 54 subpoena or a summons by the state in which service is made. 55 4. (a) Failure to comply with a subpoena issued pursuant to this 56 section without reasonable cause tolls the applicable statutes of limi-A. 7423 21 1 tations in any action or special proceeding brought by the attorney 2 general against the noncompliant person that arises out of the attorney 3 general's investigation. 4 (b) If a person fails to comply with a subpoena issued pursuant to 5 this section, the attorney general may move in the supreme court to 6 compel compliance. If the court finds that the subpoena was authorized, 7 it shall order compliance and may impose a civil penalty of up to one 8 thousand dollars per day of noncompliance. 9 (c) Such tolling and civil penalty shall be in addition to any other 10 penalties or remedies provided by law for noncompliance with a subpoena. 11 5. This section shall apply to all acts declared to be unlawful under 12 this article, whether or not subject to any other law of this state, and 13 shall not supersede, amend or repeal any other law of this state under 14 which the attorney general is authorized to take any action or conduct 15 any inquiry. 16 § 1107. Miscellaneous. 1. Preemption: This article does not annul, 17 alter, or affect the laws, ordinances, regulations, or the equivalent 18 adopted by any local entity regarding the processing, collection, trans- 19 fer, disclosure, and sale of consumers' personal data by a controller or 20 processor subject to this article, except to the extent those laws, 21 ordinances, regulations, or the equivalent create requirements or obli- 22 gations that conflict with or reduce the protections afforded to consum- 23 ers under this article. 24 2. Impact report: The attorney general shall issue a report evaluating 25 this article, its scope, any complaints from consumers or persons, the 26 liability and enforcement provisions of this article including, but not 27 limited to, the effectiveness of its efforts to enforce this article, 28 and any recommendations for changes to such provisions. The attorney 29 general shall submit the report to the governor, the temporary president 30 of the senate, the speaker of the assembly, and the appropriate commit- 31 tees of the legislature within two years of the effective date of this 32 section. 33 3. Regulatory authority: (a) The attorney general is hereby authorized 34 and empowered to adopt, promulgate, amend and rescind suitable rules and 35 regulations to carry out the provisions of this article, including rules 36 governing the form and content of any disclosures or communications 37 required by this article. 38 (b) The attorney general may request, and shall receive, data and 39 information from controllers conducting business in New York state, 40 other New York state government entities administering notice and 41 consent regimes, consumer protection and privacy advocates and research- 42 ers, internet standards setting bodies, such as the internet engineering 43 taskforce and the institute of electrical and electronics engineers, and 44 other relevant sources, to conduct studies to inform suitable rules and 45 regulations. The attorney general shall receive, upon request, data 46 from other New York state governmental entities. 47 4. Exercise of rights: Any consumer right set forth in this article 48 may be exercised at any time by the consumer who is the subject of the 49 data or by a parent or guardian authorized by law to take actions of 50 legal consequence on behalf of the consumer who is the subject of the 51 data. An agent authorized by a consumer may exercise the consumer rights 52 set forth in subdivisions four through seven of section eleven hundred 53 two of this article on the consumers behalf. 54 § 4. Severability. If any provision of this act, or any application of 55 any provision of this act, is held to be invalid, that shall not affect 56 the validity or effectiveness of any other provision of this act, or ofA. 7423 22 1 any other application of any provision of this act, which can be given 2 effect without that provision or application; and to that end, the 3 provisions and applications of this act are severable. 4 § 5. This act shall take effect immediately; provided, however, that 5 sections 1101, 1102, 1103, 1105, 1106 and 1107 of the general business 6 law, as added by section three of this act, shall take effect one year 7 after it shall have become a law.