Bill Text: NY S02277 | 2023-2024 | General Assembly | Introduced
Bill Title: Enacts the "digital fairness act"; requires any entity that conducts business in New York and maintains the personal information of 500 or more individuals to provide meaningful notice about their use of personal information; establishes unlawful discriminatory practices relating to targeted advertising.
Spectrum: Partisan Bill (Democrat 1-0)
Status: (Introduced) 2024-01-03 - REFERRED TO INTERNET AND TECHNOLOGY [S02277 Detail]
Download: New_York-2023-S02277-Introduced.html
STATE OF NEW YORK ________________________________________________________________________ 2277 2023-2024 Regular Sessions IN SENATE January 19, 2023 ___________ Introduced by Sen. KAVANAGH -- read twice and ordered printed, and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Internet and Technology AN ACT to amend the general business law, the executive law, the state finance law and the education law, in relation to enacting the "digital fairness act" The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem- bly, do enact as follows: 1 Section 1. Short title. This act shall be known and may be cited as 2 the "digital fairness act". 3 § 2. Legislative findings. The legislature finds that privacy 4 violations and misuse of personal information in the digital age can 5 lead to a range of harms, including discrimination in employment, 6 healthcare, housing, access to credit, and other areas; unfair price 7 discrimination; and financial, emotional, or reputational harms. Misuse 8 of personal information can limit awareness of and access to opportu- 9 nities, exacerbate information disparities, erode public trust and free 10 expression, disincentivize individuals from participating fully in 11 digital life and utilizing online services, and increase the risk of 12 future harms. 13 The legislature additionally finds that individuals in New York state, 14 like individuals across the nation, do not know or consent to the manner 15 in which entities collect, use, retain, share, and monetize their 16 personal information. This misunderstanding is, at least in part, due to 17 obfuscation on the part of the entities leveraging individuals' personal 18 information. Researchers at Carnegie Mellon found that it would take 19 seventy-six work days for individuals to read all of the privacy poli- 20 cies they encounter in a year. Although the advertising industry devel- 21 oped a common logo and slogan to notify individuals of the opportunity 22 to opt-out of targeted advertising, following market research, the 23 industry selected the slogan and logo that few individuals understood, 24 seemingly to discourage opt-out. EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets [] is old law to be omitted. LBD06719-01-3S. 2277 2 1 The legislature further finds that entities that collect, use, retain, 2 share, and monetize personal information have specialized knowledge 3 about the algorithms and data security measures they use, as well as 4 about how they collect, use, retain, share, and monetize personal infor- 5 mation, that the average individual is unlikely to understand. Just as 6 banks, lawyers, and medical providers, given their specialized know- 7 ledge, have special obligations to individuals, entities collecting 8 intimate personal information in the digital age and benefiting from 9 similarly specialized knowledge should have similar obligations. 10 The legislature also finds that individuals in New York state, like 11 individuals across the country, value privacy and wish to control who 12 has access to their personal information. Ninety-two percent of Face- 13 book users alter the social network's default privacy settings, demon- 14 strating that they wish to choose with whom they share personal informa- 15 tion. Similarly, ninety-two percent of Americans believe companies 16 should obtain individuals' permission before sharing or selling their 17 personal information. 18 The legislature additionally finds that biometric information is 19 unlike other unique identifiers, because biometric information is 20 biologically unique to an individual and cannot be changed if compro- 21 mised. As a result, biometric information merits special protections. 22 The legislature also finds that it has had a decades long interest in 23 protecting New Yorkers' privacy. For example, since 1996, section 79-l 24 of the New York civil rights law has protected the privacy of genetic 25 information, requiring an individual's informed, written consent prior 26 to genetic testing and restricting the disclosure and retention of 27 genetic information. 28 The legislature further finds that the use of automated decision 29 systems to make core government and business decisions raises concerns 30 around due process, fairness, accountability, and transparency, as well 31 as other civil rights and liberties. Reliance on automated decision 32 systems without adequate transparency, oversight, or safeguards can 33 undermine market predictability, harm consumers, and deny historically 34 disadvantaged or vulnerable groups the full measure of their civil 35 rights and liberties. 36 The legislature finally finds that New York has the longest standing 37 human rights law in the nation and that the state has prioritized root- 38 ing out discrimination in employment, housing, credit, public accommo- 39 dations, and educational institutions based on age, race, national 40 origin, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, and other 41 protected classes. Ensuring that sophisticated algorithms cannot be used 42 to circumvent the state's civil and human rights laws is an important 43 exercise of the legislature's authority. 44 § 3. The general business law is amended by adding a new article 39-FF 45 to read as follows: 46 ARTICLE 39-FF 47 DIGITAL FAIRNESS ACT 48 Section 899-cc. Definitions. 49 899-dd. Meaningful notice. 50 899-ee. Opt-in consent. 51 899-ff. Affirmative obligations. 52 899-gg. Biometric information; retention, collection, disclosure 53 and destruction. 54 899-hh. Surreptitious surveillance. 55 899-ii. Enforcement.S. 2277 3 1 § 899-cc. Definitions. For the purposes of this article, the following 2 terms shall have the following meanings: 3 1. "Biometric information" shall mean a record of one or more measur- 4 able biological or behavioral characteristics that can be used singular- 5 ly or in combination with other characteristics, or with other informa- 6 tion, for automated recognition of a known or unknown individual. 7 Examples of such term shall include, but not be limited to: finger- 8 prints, retina and iris patterns, voiceprints, DNA sequence, facial 9 characteristics, gait, handwriting, key stroke dynamics, and mouse move- 10 ments. 11 2. "Collect" shall mean to buy, rent, gather, obtain, receive, or 12 access any personal information pertaining to an individual by any 13 means, online or offline, including but not limited to, receiving infor- 14 mation from the individual or from a third party, actively or passively, 15 or obtaining information by observing such individual's behavior. 16 3. "Conduct business in New York" shall mean to produce, solicit, or 17 offer for use or sale any product or service in a manner that inten- 18 tionally targets, or may reasonably be expected to contact, New York 19 residents, or to engage in any activity that would subject the actor to 20 personal jurisdiction under section three hundred one or section three 21 hundred two of the civil practice law and rules, whether or not for 22 profit. 23 4. "Covered entity" shall mean a legal entity that conducts business 24 in New York state and as part of such business, processes and maintains 25 the personal information of five hundred or more unique individuals. 26 5. "Data processor" shall mean a person that processes personal infor- 27 mation on behalf of a covered entity. 28 6. "De-identified information" shall mean information that cannot 29 reasonably identify, relate to, describe, be capable of being associated 30 with, or be linked, directly or indirectly, to a particular individual; 31 provided that a covered entity that uses de-identified information: 32 (a) Has implemented technical safeguards that prohibit reidentifica- 33 tion of the individual to whom such information may pertain; 34 (b) Has implemented business processes that specifically prohibit 35 reidentification of such information; 36 (c) Has implemented business processes that prevent inadvertent 37 release of such de-identified information; and 38 (d) Makes no attempt to reidentify such information. 39 7. "Device" shall mean a product that is capable of sending, routing, 40 or receiving communications to or from another device and intended for 41 use by a single individual or single household or, if used outside of a 42 home, for use by the general public. 43 8. "Device fingerprinting" shall mean information passively collected 44 for the purpose of identifying a device through a combination of device 45 identifiers, wireless or cellular networks, language settings, software 46 versions, time zone, frequently visited sites, drivers, or other spec- 47 ifications. 48 9. "Device indicator" shall mean any identifier tied to an individual, 49 household, or device, including but not limited to a combinatory method 50 such as device fingerprinting or a technical identifier such as internet 51 protocol address, device advertisement identifier, serial number, inter- 52 national mobile equipment identity, media access control address, cookie 53 identifier, or subscriber identification module card serial number, 54 whether resettable or persistent. 55 10. "Disclose" shall mean any action, set of actions, or omission in 56 which a covered entity, data processor, or third party makes personalS. 2277 4 1 information available to another person, intentionally or uninten- 2 tionally, including but not limited to, sharing, publishing, releasing, 3 transferring, disseminating, making available, selling, leasing, provid- 4 ing access to, failing to restrict access to, or otherwise communicating 5 orally, in writing, electronically, or by any other means. 6 11. "Division" shall mean the consumer protection division, unless 7 context clearly indicates otherwise. 8 12. "Governmental entity" shall mean a department or agency of the 9 state or a political subdivision thereof, or an individual acting for or 10 on behalf of the state or a political subdivision thereof. 11 13. "Harm" shall mean potential or realized adverse consequences to an 12 individual or to society, including but not limited to: 13 (a) Direct or indirect financial harm. 14 (b) Physical harm or threats to persons or property, including but not 15 limited to bias-related crimes and threats, harassment, and sexual 16 harassment. 17 (c) Discrimination in goods, services, or economic opportunity, 18 including but not limited to housing, employment, credit, insurance, 19 education, or health care on the basis of an individual or class of 20 individuals' actual or perceived age, race, national origin, sex, sexual 21 orientation, gender identity, marital status, disability, military 22 status, and/or membership in another protected class. 23 (d) Interference with or surveillance of first amendment-protected 24 activities by state actors. 25 (e) Interference with the right to vote or with free and fair 26 elections. 27 (f) Interference with due process or equal protection under law. 28 (g) Loss of individual control over personal information, nonconsensu- 29 al sharing of private information, and data breach. 30 (h) The nonconsensual capture of information or communications within 31 an individual's home or where an individual has a reasonable expectation 32 of seclusion or access control. 33 (i) Other effects on an individual that may not be reasonably foresee- 34 able to, contemplated by, or expected by the individual to whom the 35 personal information relates, that are nevertheless reasonably foreseea- 36 ble, contemplated by, or expected by the covered entity that alter or 37 limit such individual's choices or predetermine results. 38 14. "Individual" shall mean a natural person whom a covered entity 39 knows or has reason to know is located within New York state. 40 15. "Personal information" shall mean information that is captured in 41 exchange for any kind of value provided to the individual to whom the 42 information pertains, including but not limited to a good or service, 43 the placement of targeted advertisements, or a membership; as a result 44 of an individual, household, or device's establishment or maintenance of 45 an account with a covered entity; or as a result of an individual, 46 household, or device's interaction with a covered entity. Such term 47 shall also include information that directly or indirectly identifies, 48 relates to, describes, is capable of being associated with, or could 49 reasonably be linked to a particular individual, household, or device 50 that provides or provided information to a covered entity in exchange 51 for any kind of value provided to the individual to whom such informa- 52 tion pertains or that established, maintained, establishes or maintains 53 an account with a covered entity. Information is reasonably linkable to 54 an individual, household, or device if it can be used on its own or in 55 combination with other reasonably available information, regardless ofS. 2277 5 1 whether such other information is held by the covered entity, to identi- 2 fy an individual, household, or device. 3 16. "Monetize" shall mean to sell, rent, release, disclose, dissem- 4 inate, make available, transfer, or otherwise communicate orally, in 5 writing, or by electronic or other means, an individual's personal 6 information by a covered entity, a third party, or a data processor in 7 exchange for monetary or other consideration, as well as to leverage or 8 use an individual's personal information to place a targeted advertise- 9 ment or to otherwise profit, regardless of whether such individual's 10 personal information changes hands. 11 17. "Process" or "processing" shall mean any action or set of actions 12 performed on or with personal information, including but not limited to, 13 collection, access, use, retention, sharing, monetizing, analysis, 14 creation, generation, derivation, decision-making, recording, alter- 15 nation, organization, structuring, storage, disclosure, transmission, 16 sale, licensing, disposal, destruction, de-identifying, or other handl- 17 ing of personal information. 18 18. "Reasonably understandable" shall mean of a length and complexity 19 such that an individual with a fourth-grade reading level, as estab- 20 lished by the New York department of education's fourth grade English 21 language arts learning standards, can read and comprehend the contents 22 in two minutes or less. 23 19. "Targeted advertisement" shall mean an advertisement directed to 24 an individual where the advertisement is selected based on personal 25 information obtained or inferred over time from such individual's or the 26 individual's device's activities, communications, or associations across 27 websites, applications, services, or covered entities. Such term shall 28 not include advertisements directed to an individual solely based upon 29 the individual's current visit to a website, application, service, or 30 covered entity, or in response to the individual's request for informa- 31 tion or feedback. 32 20. "Third party" shall mean, with respect to an individual's personal 33 information, any person that is not the covered entity or a data proces- 34 sor. 35 21. "Use model" shall mean a discrete purpose for which collected 36 personal information is to be processed, including but not limited to, 37 first party marketing, third party marketing, first party research and 38 development, third party research and development, and product improve- 39 ment. 40 § 899-dd. Meaningful notice. 1. In addition to any long form privacy 41 policy, each covered entity shall make persistently and conspicuously 42 available a short-form privacy notice-- 43 (a) That an individual must interact with upon the individual's first 44 visit to the covered entity's website or first use of the covered enti- 45 ty's mobile application; 46 (b) Persistently available and readily accessible on a covered enti- 47 ty's website or mobile application; 48 (c) At the physical place of business or any offline equivalent main- 49 tained by the covered entity; and 50 (d) At or prior to the point of sale of a product or service, 51 subscription to a service, or establishment of an account with, the 52 covered entity or if there is no such sale, subscription, or establish- 53 ment, before the individual uses such product or service of the covered 54 entity. 55 2. The short-form privacy notice required by subdivision one of this 56 section shall:S. 2277 6 1 (a) Be clear, concise, well-organized, and complete; 2 (b) Be clear and prominent in appearance; 3 (c) Use clear and plain language; 4 (d) Use visualizations where appropriate to make complex information 5 understandable by the ordinary user; 6 (e) Be reasonably understandable; 7 (f) Be clearly distinguishable from other matters; 8 (g) Not contain any unrelated, confusing, or contradictory informa- 9 tion; 10 (h) Be no more than five hundred words, excluding the list of third 11 parties required under paragraph (f) of subdivision three of this 12 section; and 13 (i) Be provided free of charge. 14 3. The short-form privacy notice required by subdivision one of this 15 section shall include: 16 (a) What personal information is being processed; 17 (b) The manner in which personal information is processed; 18 (c) How and for what purpose the covered entity processes personal 19 information; 20 (d) How long personal information will be retained; 21 (e) Whether and how the covered entity monetizes personal information; 22 (f) To which third parties the covered entity discloses personal 23 information and for what purposes; and 24 (g) How the covered entity collects personal information, including 25 offline practices, when the individual is not directly interacting with 26 such covered entity. 27 4. The list of third parties required under paragraph (f) of subdivi- 28 sion three of this section, shall be offset by at least two line breaks 29 from the rest of the short-form privacy notice required under subdivi- 30 sion one of this section. 31 5. Within one year of the enactment of this article, the consumer 32 protection division shall establish standardized short-form privacy 33 notices that comply with this section. A covered entity may satisfy the 34 short-form privacy notice requirements by adopting the standardized 35 short-form privacy notice established by the division. 36 6. Within one year of the enactment of this article, the consumer 37 protection division shall develop a recognizable and uniform logo or 38 button to promote individual awareness of the short-form privacy notice 39 that may be used by covered entities. 40 7. The consumer protection division may promulgate rules and regu- 41 lations specifying additional requirements for the format and substance 42 of such short-form privacy notices. 43 § 899-ee. Opt-in consent. 1. A covered entity shall obtain freely 44 given, specific, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent from an indi- 45 vidual to: 46 (a) Process such individual's personal information; and 47 (b) Make any changes in the processing of such individual's informa- 48 tion that necessitate a change to the entity's short-form privacy notice 49 required under section eight hundred ninety-nine-dd of this article. 50 2. Within one year of the enactment of this article, the division 51 shall promulgate rules and regulations grouping different types of proc- 52 essing of personal information by use model and permitting a covered 53 entity to simultaneously obtain freely given, specific, informed, and 54 unambiguous opt-in consent from an individual for multiple transactions 55 of the same use model.S. 2277 7 1 3. A covered entity shall ensure that the option to withhold consent 2 is displayed as clearly and prominently as the option to provide 3 consent. 4 4. A covered entity shall provide a mechanism for an individual to 5 withdraw previously-given consent at any time. Such mechanism shall make 6 it as easy for an individual to withdraw their consent as it is for such 7 individual to provide consent. 8 5. A covered entity shall not be required to obtain freely given, 9 specific, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent from an individual 10 under subdivision one of this section if: 11 (a) The processing is necessary for the primary purpose of the trans- 12 action for which personal information is provided, such as the provision 13 of financial information to complete a purchase or the provision of a 14 mailing address for package delivery; provided that the personal infor- 15 mation shall not be processed or monetized for any other purpose without 16 the freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent 17 from the individual to whom the personal information pertains. 18 (b) The covered entity, in good faith, believes that an emergency 19 presenting the risk of death or serious physical injury to any individ- 20 ual requires disclosure, without delay, of personal information relating 21 to such emergency, the covered entity may disclose the personal informa- 22 tion relating to such emergency to a governmental entity. A covered 23 entity that discloses the personal information of an individual without 24 obtaining opt-in approval shall, within twenty-four hours, inform the 25 individual of the personal information that the covered entity 26 disclosed, the details of the emergency, and the reasons why the covered 27 entity needed to use, access, or disclose the personal information. 28 (c) Processing the personal information is necessary for engaging in 29 public or peer-reviewed scientific, medical, historical, social science, 30 or statistical research in the public interest that adheres to all other 31 applicable ethical standards or laws, with informed consent. 32 (d) Processing the personal information is necessary for clinical, 33 treatment, public health, medical educational, medical training, or 34 insurance purposes, provided that the personal information shall not be 35 processed or monetized for any other purpose without the freely given, 36 specific, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent from such individual 37 to whom the personal information pertains. 38 (e) The processing involves only de-identified information. 39 (f) In response to a warrant issued by a court of competent jurisdic- 40 tion under the procedures described in the federal rules of criminal 41 procedure or article six hundred ninety of the criminal procedure law. 42 (g) If required by state or federal law. 43 6. The division is hereby authorized and directed to conduct a study 44 to determine the most effective way for entities to obtain individuals' 45 freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent for 46 each type of personal information processing and, to the extent possi- 47 ble, to avoid notice fatigue. 48 7. The division may request data and information from covered entities 49 conducting business in New York state, other New York state government 50 entities administering notice and consent regimes, consumer protection 51 and privacy advocates and researchers, internet standards setting 52 bodies, such as the internet engineering taskforce and the institute of 53 electrical and electronics engineers, and other relevant sources to 54 effectuate the purpose of such study. The division shall receive, upon 55 request, data from other New York state governmental entities.S. 2277 8 1 8. Within one year of the enactment of this article, the division 2 shall promulgate rules and regulations specifying the manner in which 3 covered entities shall obtain individuals' freely given, specific, 4 informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent for each type of personal 5 information processing, as well as the manner in which individuals may 6 withdraw their consent at any time. Such rules and regulations shall 7 require covered entities to make it as easy for an individual to with- 8 draw their consent as it is for the individual to provide consent. 9 9. Under no circumstances shall an individual's interaction with a 10 covered entity or use of a covered entity's product or service, when the 11 covered entity has a terms of service or a privacy policy, including the 12 short-form privacy notice required under section eight hundred ninety- 13 nine-dd of this article, in and of itself constitute freely given, 14 specific, informed, and unambiguous consent. 15 10. To the extent that a covered entity must process internet protocol 16 addresses, system configuration information, URLs of referring pages, 17 locale and language preferences, keystrokes, and other personal informa- 18 tion in order to obtain individuals' freely given, specific, informed, 19 and unambiguous opt-in consent, the covered entity shall: 20 (a) Only process the personal information necessary to request freely 21 given, specific, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent; 22 (b) Process the personal information solely to request freely given, 23 specific, informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent; and 24 (c) Immediately delete the personal information if consent is withheld 25 or withdrawn. 26 11. A covered entity shall not refuse to serve an individual who does 27 not approve the processing of such individual's personal information 28 under this section, unless the processing is necessary for the primary 29 purpose of the transaction such individual has requested. 30 12. A covered entity shall not offer an individual a program that 31 relates the price or quality of a product or service to the privacy 32 protections afforded to the individual, including by providing a 33 discount or other incentive in exchange for the opt-in approval of such 34 individual to the processing of such individual's personal information, 35 or because an individual declines to exercise the opportunities provided 36 under subdivision two of section eight hundred ninety-nine-ff of this 37 article. 38 13. Notwithstanding subdivision twelve of this section, a covered 39 entity may, with the individual's freely given, specific, informed, and 40 unambiguous opt-in consent given pursuant to this section, operate a 41 program in which information, products, or services sold to the individ- 42 ual are discounted based on such individual's prior purchases from the 43 covered entity; provided that the captured personal information shall be 44 processed solely for the purpose of operating such program. 45 § 899-ff. Affirmative obligations. 1. Care. (a) A covered entity shall 46 store, transmit, and protect from disclosure all personal information 47 using the reasonable standard of care within the covered entity's indus- 48 try; and such covered entity shall store, transmit, and protect from 49 disclosure all personal information in a manner that is the same as or 50 more protective than the manner in which the covered entity stores, 51 transmits, and protects other confidential information. 52 (b) The division, in consultation with the office of information tech- 53 nology services and the department of financial services, may develop 54 appropriate security standards for personal information. This paragraph 55 shall preempt paragraph (a) of this subdivision only to the extent thatS. 2277 9 1 the security standards developed are more protective of personal infor- 2 mation than the industry standard of care. 3 2. Loyalty. (a) Absent freely given, specific, informed, and unambig- 4 uous opt-in consent from the individual engaging in a transaction with a 5 covered entity, a covered entity shall not process personal information 6 beyond what is adequate, relevant, and necessary for the completion of 7 the transaction requested by such individual. 8 (b) A covered entity that maintains an individual's personal informa- 9 tion shall provide such individual with a reasonable means to access 10 their personal information, including any information obtained about 11 that individual from a third-party, whether online or offline, as well 12 as information about where or from whom the covered entity obtained the 13 personal information and the names of the third parties to which the 14 covered entity has disclosed or will disclose the personal information. 15 (c) A covered entity that maintains an individual's personal informa- 16 tion shall provide the access to such personal information under para- 17 graph (b) of this subdivision, in a usable and searchable format that 18 allows the individual to transfer the personal information from one 19 entity to another entity without hindrance. 20 (d) A covered entity that maintains an individual's personal informa- 21 tion in a non-public profile or account shall delete such personal 22 information, and any information derived therefrom, pertaining to an 23 individual upon such individual's request. 24 (e) A covered entity shall provide the opportunities required under 25 paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of this subdivision, in a form that is: 26 (i) Clear and conspicuous; 27 (ii) Made available at no additional cost to the individual to whom 28 the information pertains; and 29 (iii) In a language other than English if the covered entity communi- 30 cates with the individual to whom the information pertains in such other 31 language. 32 (f) A covered entity shall comply with an individual's request under 33 paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of this subdivision, not later than ninety 34 days after receiving a verifiable request from the individual; or, if 35 the individual is a minor under the age of thirteen, the individual's 36 parent or guardian; or, if the individual is a minor between the ages of 37 thirteen and eighteen, either the individual or the individual's parent 38 or guardian. 39 (i) Where the covered entity has reasonable doubts or cannot verify 40 the identity of the individual making a request under paragraphs (b), 41 (c) or (d) of this subdivision, the covered entity may request addi- 42 tional personal information necessary for the specific purpose of 43 confirming the identity of such individual. In such cases, the addi- 44 tional personal information shall not be processed for any purpose other 45 than verifying the identity of the individual and shall be deleted imme- 46 diately upon verification or failure to verify the individual. 47 (ii) A covered entity may not de-identify an individual's personal 48 information during the ninety-day period beginning on the date on which 49 the covered entity receives a request from the individual pursuant to 50 paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of this subdivision. 51 (iii) The division may promulgate rules and regulations specifying 52 additional requirements for a covered entity's response to requests 53 pursuant to paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of this subdivision. 54 (g) Where an individual has taken steps by the online selection of 55 options related to the processing of personal information, a covered 56 entity shall adhere to such selections.S. 2277 10 1 (h) A covered entity shall not share an individual's device identifi- 2 ers with any third party without the individual's freely given, specif- 3 ic, informed, and unambiguous opt-in written consent. 4 3. Confidentiality. (a) A covered entity shall not disclose personal 5 information to a third party unless that third party is contractually 6 bound to the covered entity to meet the same privacy and security obli- 7 gations as the covered entity. A covered entity shall exercise reason- 8 able oversight and take reasonable actions, including by auditing the 9 data security and processing practices of the third party no less than 10 once annually, to ensure the third party's compliance. The covered enti- 11 ty shall publish the results of such audit publicly on its website. 12 (i) A covered entity shall not process personal information it has 13 acquired from a third party, without the freely given, specific, 14 informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent from the individual to whom 15 that personal information pertains unless the processing is necessary to 16 obtain such individuals' freely given, specific, informed, and unambig- 17 uous opt-in consent, in which the covered entity shall only process the 18 personal information necessary to request freely given, specific, 19 informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent and shall immediately delete 20 such personal information if consent is withheld or withdrawn. 21 (ii) A covered entity that facilitates access to personal information 22 by other covered entities shall limit access to and seek proof of 23 destruction of such personal information if the first covered entity has 24 actual knowledge that another covered entity has violated this section. 25 (b) A covered entity shall not disclose personal information to a data 26 processor unless the covered entity enters into a contractual agreement 27 with such data processor that prohibits the data processor from process- 28 ing such personal information for any purpose other than the purposes 29 for which the individual provided the personal information to the 30 covered entity, and that requires the data processor to meet the same 31 privacy and security obligations as the covered entity. Such data 32 processor shall not further disclose or process personal information it 33 has acquired from the covered entity except as explicitly authorized by 34 the contract. A covered entity shall exercise reasonable oversight and 35 take reasonable actions, including but not limited to, auditing the data 36 security and processing practices of the data processor no less than 37 once annually, to ensure its data processor's compliance. The covered 38 entity shall publish the results of such audit publicly on its website. 39 4. Duty. A covered entity that collects personal information directly 40 from an individual has a duty, when processing such personal informa- 41 tion, to put the interests of the individual ahead of the interests of 42 the covered entity's business. 43 § 899-gg. Biometric information; retention, collection, disclosure and 44 destruction. 1. A covered entity or governmental entity in possession 45 of biometric information shall develop a written policy, made available 46 to the public, establishing a retention schedule and guidelines for 47 permanently destroying biometric information when the initial purpose 48 for collecting or obtaining such information has been satisfied, or 49 within one year of the individual's last interaction with the covered 50 entity or governmental entity, whichever occurs first. Absent a valid 51 warrant issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, a covered entity or 52 governmental entity in possession of biometric information shall comply 53 with its established retention schedule and destruction guidelines. 54 2. No covered entity shall collect, capture, purchase, receive through 55 trade, or otherwise obtain an individual's biometric information, unless 56 it first:S. 2277 11 1 (a) Informs the subject or the subject's legally authorized represen- 2 tative in writing that biometric information is being collected or 3 stored; 4 (b) Informs the subject or the subject's legally authorized represen- 5 tative in writing of the specific purpose and length of term for which 6 such biometric information is being collected, stored, and used; and 7 (c) Receives a written release executed by the subject of the biome- 8 tric information or the subject's legally authorized representative. 9 3. Absent a law enforcement investigation pursuant to a criminal inci- 10 dent, no governmental entity shall collect, capture, purchase, receive 11 through trade, or otherwise obtain an individual's biometric informa- 12 tion, unless: 13 (a) It first obtains a valid warrant issued by a court of competent 14 jurisdiction under the procedures described in the federal rules of 15 criminal procedure or article six hundred ninety of the criminal proce- 16 dure law. 17 (b) It believes that an emergency involving immediate danger of death 18 or serious physical injury to any individual requires obtaining, without 19 delay, biometric information related to such emergency and the request 20 is narrowly tailored to address such emergency, subject to the following 21 limitations: 22 (i) The request shall document the factual basis for believing that an 23 emergency involving immediate danger of death or serious physical injury 24 to an individual requires obtaining, without delay, biometric informa- 25 tion relating to such emergency; and 26 (ii) Not later than forty-eight hours after the date on which a 27 governmental entity obtains biometric information under this paragraph, 28 the governmental entity shall file with the appropriate court a signed, 29 sworn statement of a supervisory official of a rank designated by the 30 head of such governmental entity setting forth the grounds for the emer- 31 gency access; or 32 (c) It first informs the subject or the subject's legally authorized 33 representative in writing that biometric information is being collected 34 or stored, the specific purpose and length of term for which such biome- 35 tric information is being collected, stored, and used, and it receives a 36 written release executed by the subject of the biometric information or 37 the subject's legally authorized representative. 38 4. No covered entity or governmental entity in possession of biometric 39 information shall sell, lease, trade, monetize, or otherwise profit from 40 such biometric information. 41 5. No covered entity or governmental entity in possession of an indi- 42 vidual's biometric information shall disclose, redisclose, or otherwise 43 disseminate such individual's biometric information unless: 44 (a) The subject of the biometric information or the subject's legally 45 authorized representative consents in writing to the disclosure or 46 redisclosure of such information; 47 (b) The disclosure or redisclosure of such information completes a 48 financial transaction requested or authorized by the subject of the 49 biometric identifier or the biometric information or the subject's 50 legally authorized representative; 51 (c) The disclosure or redisclosure is required by state or federal 52 law; or 53 (d) The disclosure is required pursuant to a valid warrant issued by a 54 court of competent jurisdiction under the procedures described in the 55 federal rules of criminal procedure or article six hundred ninety of the 56 criminal procedure law.S. 2277 12 1 6. The requirements of this section are in addition to those imposed 2 by sections eight hundred ninety-nine-dd through eight hundred ninety- 3 nine-ff of this article. 4 7. (a) Subdivisions one through six of this section shall not apply to 5 biometric information captured from a patient by a health care provider 6 or health care facility, as defined in section eighteen of the public 7 health law, or biometric information collected, used, or stored for 8 medical education or research, public health or epidemiological 9 purposes, health care treatment, payment, or operations under the feder- 10 al health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996, or to 11 X-ray, roentgen process, computed tomography, MRI, PET scan, mammogra- 12 phy, or other image or film of the human anatomy used to diagnose, prog- 13 nose, or treat an illness or other medical condition or to further vali- 14 date scientific testing or screening. 15 (b) Biometric information captured, collected, used, or stored pursu- 16 ant to paragraph (a) of this subdivision, including information that has 17 been de-identified or aggregated, shall not be used, disclosed, or 18 otherwise disseminated except for: 19 (i) Clinical, treatment, scientific, public health, medical educa- 20 tional, medical training, research, or insurance purposes; 21 (ii) If required by state or federal law; 22 (iii) To respond to a warrant issued by a court of competent jurisdic- 23 tion under the procedures described in the federal rules of criminal 24 procedure or article six hundred ninety of the criminal procedure law; 25 or 26 (iv) If the subject of the biometric information or the subject's 27 legally authorized representative consents in writing to the disclosure 28 or redisclosure. 29 8. Nothing in subdivision seven of this section shall affect any 30 person or covered entity's rights or obligations under section eighteen 31 of the public health law. 32 § 899-hh. Surreptitious surveillance. A covered entity shall not acti- 33 vate the microphone, camera, or other sensor on a device in the lawful 34 possession of an individual that is capable of collecting or transmit- 35 ting audio, video, or image data or data that can be directly used to 36 measure biometric information, human movement, location, chemicals, 37 light, radiation, air pressure, speed, weight or mass, positional or 38 physical orientation, magnetic fields, temperature, or sound without 39 providing the notice required by section eight hundred ninety-nine-dd of 40 this article and obtaining the individual's freely given, specific, 41 informed, and unambiguous opt-in consent pursuant to section eight 42 hundred ninety-nine-ee of this article. 43 § 899-ii. Enforcement. 1. Any individual may bring a civil action in 44 any court of competent jurisdiction alleging a violation of this arti- 45 cle, or a violation of a rule or regulation promulgated to effectuate 46 the provisions of this article. 47 (a) A violation of this article, or a violation of a rule or regu- 48 lation promulgated to effectuate the provisions of this article, with 49 respect to the personal information of an individual constitutes a 50 rebuttable presumption of harm to such individual. 51 (b) In a civil action in which the plaintiff prevails, the court may 52 award: 53 (i) Liquidated damages of ten thousand dollars or actual damages, 54 whichever is greater; 55 (ii) Punitive damages; andS. 2277 13 1 (iii) Any other relief, including an injunction, that the court deems 2 appropriate. 3 (c) In addition to any relief awarded under paragraph (b) of this 4 subdivision, the court shall award reasonable attorney's fees and costs 5 to any prevailing plaintiff. 6 2. The attorney general may bring an action in the name of the state, 7 or as a parens patriae proceeding on behalf of persons residing in the 8 state, to enforce this article. In such action, the court may award: 9 (a) Injunctive relief, including preliminary injunctions, to prevent 10 further violations of and compel compliance with the provisions of this 11 article; 12 (b) Civil penalties of up to twenty-five thousand dollars per 13 violation, or up to four percent of annual revenue of the covered enti- 14 ty, data processor, or third party; 15 (c) Other appropriate relief, including restitution, to redress harms 16 to individuals or to mitigate all substantial risk of harm; and 17 (d) Any other relief the court deems appropriate. 18 3. A district attorney, or a city attorney in a city having a popu- 19 lation in excess of seven hundred fifty thousand people, may bring an 20 action to enforce this article. In such action, the court may award: 21 (a) Injunctive relief, including preliminary injunctions, to prevent 22 further violations of and compel compliance with the provisions of this 23 article; 24 (b) Civil penalties of up to twenty-five thousand dollars per 25 violation, or up to four percent of annual revenue of the covered enti- 26 ty, data processor, or third party; 27 (c) Other appropriate relief, including restitution, to redress harms 28 to individuals or to mitigate all substantial risk of harm; and 29 (d) Any other relief the court deems appropriate. 30 4. When calculating damages and civil penalties, the court shall 31 consider the number of affected individuals, the severity of the 32 violation, and the size and revenues of the covered entity. 33 5. Each individual whose personal information is unlawfully processed, 34 and each instance of processing counts as a separate violation. Each 35 provision of this article that is violated counts as a separate 36 violation. 37 6. It is a violation of this article for a covered entity, govern- 38 mental entity, or anyone else acting on behalf of a covered entity or 39 governmental entity to retaliate against an individual who makes a good- 40 faith complaint that there has been a failure to comply with any 41 provision of this article. An individual who is injured by a violation 42 of this subdivision may bring a civil action for monetary damages and 43 injunctive relief in any court of competent jurisdiction. 44 7. If a series of steps or transactions were component parts of a 45 single transaction intended to be taken with the intention of avoiding 46 the reach of this article, a court shall disregard the intermediate 47 steps or transactions for purposes of effectuating the purposes of this 48 article. 49 8. Any provision of a contract or agreement of any kind, including a 50 covered entity's terms of service or a privacy policy, including the 51 short-form privacy notice required under section eight hundred ninety- 52 nine-dd of this article, that purports to waive or limit in any way an 53 individual's rights under this article, including but not limited to, 54 any right to a remedy or means of enforcement, shall be deemed contrary 55 to public policy and shall be void and unenforceable.S. 2277 14 1 9. No covered entity, that is a provider of an interactive computer 2 service as defined in 47 U.S.C. § 230, shall be liable for any personal 3 information or biometric information posted by another information 4 content provider, as defined in 47 U.S.C. § 230. 5 10. No private or government action brought pursuant to this section 6 shall preclude any other action under this article. 7 § 4. Section 292 of the executive law is amended by adding nine new 8 subdivisions 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 and 50 to read as follows: 9 42. The term "advertiser" shall mean a person who proposes a commer- 10 cial transaction or disseminates a public or private communication of 11 which the primary purpose is to solicit for an opportunity. 12 43. The term "conduct business in New York" shall mean to produce, 13 solicit, or offer for use or sale any product or service in a manner 14 that intentionally targets, or may reasonably be expected to contact, 15 New York residents, or to engage in any activity that would subject the 16 actor to personal jurisdiction under section three hundred one or three 17 hundred two of the civil practice law and rules, whether or not for 18 profit. 19 44. The term "covered entity" shall mean a legal entity that conducts 20 business in New York state and as part of such business, processes and 21 maintains the data of five hundred or more unique individuals. 22 45. The term "governmental entity" shall mean a department or agency 23 of the state or a political subdivision thereof, or an individual acting 24 for or on behalf of the state or a political subdivision thereof. 25 46. The term "individual" shall mean a natural person whom a covered 26 entity knows or has reason to know is located within New York state. 27 47. The term "personal information" shall mean information that 28 directly or indirectly identifies, relates to, describes, is capable of 29 being associated with, or could reasonably be linked to a particular 30 individual, household, or device. Information is reasonably linkable to 31 an individual, household, or device if it can be used on its own or in 32 combination with other reasonably available information, regardless of 33 whether such other information is held by the covered entity, to identi- 34 fy an individual, household, or device. 35 48. The term "process" or "processing" shall mean any action or set of 36 actions performed on or with personal information, including but not 37 limited to, collection, access, use, retention, sharing, monetizing, 38 analysis, creation, generation, derivation, decision-making, recording, 39 alternation, organization, structuring, storage, disclosure, trans- 40 mission, sale, licensing, disposal, destruction, de-identifying, or 41 other handling of personal information. 42 49. The term "proxy" or "proxies" shall mean information that, by 43 itself or in combination with other information, is used by a covered 44 entity in a way that discriminates based on actual or perceived personal 45 characteristics or classes protected under section two hundred ninety- 46 six of this article. 47 50. The term "targeted advertisement" shall mean an advertisement 48 directed to an individual where the advertisement is selected based on 49 personal information obtained or inferred over time from such individ- 50 ual's or the individual's device's activities, communications, or asso- 51 ciations across websites, applications, services, or covered entities. 52 Such term shall not include advertisements directed to an individual 53 solely based upon the individual's current visit to a website, applica- 54 tion, service, or covered entity, or in response to the individual's 55 request for information or feedback.S. 2277 15 1 § 5. The executive law is amended by adding a new section 296-e to 2 read as follows: 3 § 296-e. Unlawful discriminatory practices relating to targeted adver- 4 tising. 1. It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice: 5 (a) For a covered entity to process personal information for the 6 purpose of advertising, marketing, soliciting, offering, selling, leas- 7 ing, licensing, renting, or otherwise commercially contracting for 8 employment, finance, health care, credit, insurance, housing, or educa- 9 tion opportunities, in a manner that discriminates against or otherwise 10 makes the opportunity unavailable on the basis of an individual's or 11 class of individuals' actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, 12 national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, sex, 13 disability, predisposing genetic characteristics, or domestic violence 14 victim status. 15 (b) For a covered entity or governmental entity to process personal 16 information in a manner that discriminates in or otherwise makes 17 unavailable, on the basis of an individual's or class of individuals' 18 actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, national origin, sexual 19 orientation, gender identity or expression, sex, disability, predispos- 20 ing genetic characteristics, or domestic violence victim status, any of 21 the following: 22 (i) The goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accom- 23 modations of any inn, hotel, motel, or other place of lodging, except 24 for an establishment located within a building that contains not more 25 than five rooms for rent or hire and that is actually occupied by the 26 proprietor of such establishment as the residence of such proprietor; 27 (ii) Any restaurant, bar, or other establishment serving food or drink 28 to the public; 29 (iii) Any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, stadium, audi- 30 torium, convention center, or lecture hall; 31 (iv) Any sales or rental establishment; 32 (v) Any laundromat, dry-cleaner, bank, barber shop, beauty shop, trav- 33 el service, shoe repair service, funeral parlor, gas station, office of 34 an accountant or lawyer, pharmacy, insurance office, professional office 35 of a health care provider, hospital, or other service establishment; 36 (vi) Any terminal, depot, or other station used for specified public 37 transportation; 38 (vii) Any museum, library, or gallery; 39 (viii) Any park, zoo, or amusement park; 40 (ix) A nursery, elementary, secondary, undergraduate, or postgraduate 41 school, or other place of education; 42 (x) Any day care center, senior citizen center, homeless shelter, food 43 bank, adoption agency, or other social service center establishment; or 44 (xi) Any gymnasium, health spa, bowling alley, golf course, or other 45 place of exercise. 46 (c) For a covered entity or governmental entity that offers, facili- 47 tates, sells, places, displays, or provides individual level information 48 to enable targeted advertisements for employment, finance, health care, 49 credit, insurance, housing, education opportunities, or places of public 50 accommodation, resort or amusement, as described in paragraph (b) of 51 this subdivision, to enable advertisers to target such advertisements 52 based on actual or perceived personal characteristics or classes, or 53 proxies therefor, protected under section two hundred ninety-six of this 54 article, including actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, national 55 origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, sex, disabil-S. 2277 16 1 ity, predisposing genetic characteristics, or domestic violence victim 2 status. 3 2. A covered entity or governmental entity that sells or places 4 targeted advertisements for employment, finance, health care, credit, 5 insurance, housing, education opportunities or places of public accommo- 6 dation, resort or amusement, as described in paragraph (b) of this 7 subdivision, shall require advertisers to certify that they are in 8 compliance with section two hundred ninety-six of this article. 9 3. Nothing in this section shall limit a covered entity from process- 10 ing personal information for legitimate testing for the purpose of 11 preventing unlawful discrimination or otherwise determining the extent 12 or effectiveness of such covered entity's or governmental entity's 13 compliance with this section. 14 § 6. The general business law is amended by adding a new section 350- 15 a-1 to read as follows: 16 § 350-a-1. Targeted advertising. 1. For the purposes of this section, 17 the following terms shall have the following meanings: 18 (a) "Advertiser" shall mean a person who proposes a commercial trans- 19 action or disseminates a public or private communication of which the 20 primary purpose is to solicit for an opportunity. 21 (b) "Conduct business in New York" shall mean to produce, solicit, or 22 offer for use or sale any product or service in a manner that inten- 23 tionally targets, or may reasonably be expected to contact, New York 24 residents, or to engage in any activity that would subject the actor to 25 personal jurisdiction under section three hundred one or section three 26 hundred two of the civil practice law and rules, whether or not for 27 profit. 28 (c) "Covered entity" shall mean a legal entity that conducts business 29 in New York state and as part of such business, processes and maintains 30 the data of five hundred or more unique individuals. 31 (d) "Individual" shall mean a natural person whom a covered entity 32 knows or has reason to know is located within New York state. 33 (e) "Personal information" shall mean information that directly or 34 indirectly identifies, relates to, describes, is capable of being asso- 35 ciated with, or could reasonably be linked to a particular individual, 36 household, or device. Information is reasonably linkable to an individ- 37 ual, household, or device if it can be used on its own or in combination 38 with other reasonably available information, regardless of whether such 39 other information is held by the covered entity, to identify an individ- 40 ual, household, or device. 41 (f) "Process" or "processing" shall mean any action or set of actions 42 performed on or with personal information, including but not limited to, 43 collection, access, use, retention, sharing, monetizing, analysis, 44 creation, generation, derivation, decision-making, recording, alter- 45 nation, organization, structuring, storage, disclosure, transmission, 46 sale, licensing, disposal, destruction, de-identifying, or other handl- 47 ing of personal information. 48 (g) "Proxy" or "proxies" shall mean information that, by itself or in 49 combination with other information, is used by a covered entity in a way 50 that discriminates based on actual or perceived personal characteristics 51 or classes protected under section two hundred ninety-six of the execu- 52 tive law. 53 (h) "Targeted advertisement" shall mean an advertisement directed to 54 an individual where the advertisement is selected based on personal 55 information obtained or inferred over time from such individual's or the 56 individual's device's activities, communications, or associations acrossS. 2277 17 1 websites, applications, services, or covered entities. Such term shall 2 not include advertisements directed to an individual solely based upon 3 the individual's current visit to a website, application, service, or 4 covered entity, or in response to the individual's request for informa- 5 tion or feedback. 6 2. It shall be unlawful: 7 (a) For a covered entity to process personal information for the 8 purpose of advertising, marketing, soliciting, offering, selling, leas- 9 ing, licensing, renting, or otherwise commercially contracting for 10 employment, finance, health care, credit, insurance, housing, or educa- 11 tion opportunities, in a manner that discriminates against or otherwise 12 makes the opportunity unavailable on the basis of an individual's or 13 class of individuals' actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, 14 national origin, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, sex, 15 disability, predisposing genetic characteristics, or domestic violence 16 victim status. 17 (b) For a covered entity or governmental entity to process personal 18 information in a manner that discriminates in or otherwise makes 19 unavailable, on the basis of an individual's or class of individuals' 20 actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, national origin, sexual 21 orientation, gender identity or expression, sex, disability, predispos- 22 ing genetic characteristics, or domestic violence victim status, any of 23 the following: 24 (i) The goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accom- 25 modations of any inn, hotel, motel, or other place of lodging, except 26 for an establishment located within a building that contains not more 27 than five rooms for rent or hire and that is actually occupied by the 28 proprietor of such establishment as the residence of such proprietor; 29 (ii) Any restaurant, bar, or other establishment serving food or drink 30 to the public; 31 (iii) Any motion picture house, theater, concert hall, stadium, audi- 32 torium, convention center, or lecture hall; 33 (iv) Any sales or rental establishment; 34 (v) Any laundromat, dry-cleaner, bank, barber shop, beauty shop, trav- 35 el service, shoe repair service, funeral parlor, gas station, office of 36 an accountant or lawyer, pharmacy, insurance office, professional office 37 of a health care provider, hospital, or other service establishment; 38 (vi) Any terminal, depot, or other station used for specified public 39 transportation; 40 (vii) Any museum, library, or gallery; 41 (viii) Any park, zoo, or amusement park; 42 (ix) A nursery, elementary, secondary, undergraduate, or postgraduate 43 school, or other place of education; 44 (x) Any day care center, senior citizen center, homeless shelter, food 45 bank, adoption agency, or other social service center establishment; or 46 (xi) Any gymnasium, health spa, bowling alley, golf course, or other 47 place of exercise. 48 (c) For a covered entity that offers, facilitates, sells, places, 49 displays, or provides individual level information to enable targeted 50 advertisements for employment, finance, health care, credit, insurance, 51 housing, education opportunities, or places of public accommodation, 52 resort or amusement, as described in paragraph (b) of this subdivision, 53 to enable advertisers to target such advertisements based on actual or 54 perceived personal characteristics or classes, or proxies therefor, 55 protected under section two hundred ninety-six of the executive law, 56 including actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, national origin,S. 2277 18 1 sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, sex, disability, 2 predisposing genetic characteristics, or domestic violence victim 3 status. 4 3. A covered entity that sells or places targeted advertisements for 5 employment, finance, health care, credit, insurance, housing, education 6 opportunities or places of public accommodation, resort or amusement, as 7 described in paragraph (b) of subdivision two of this section, shall 8 require advertisers to certify that they are in compliance with section 9 two hundred ninety-six of the executive law. 10 4. Nothing in this section shall limit a covered entity from process- 11 ing personal information for legitimate testing for the purpose of 12 preventing unlawful discrimination or otherwise determining the extent 13 or effectiveness of such covered entity's compliance with this section. 14 § 7. Section 165 of the state finance law is amended by adding two new 15 subdivisions 9 and 10 to read as follows: 16 9. Automated decision system impact assessments. 17 a. For the purpose of this subdivision, the following terms shall have 18 the following meanings: 19 (i) "Automated decision system" shall mean any software, system, or 20 process that is designed to aid or replace human decision making. Such 21 term may include analyzing complex datasets to generate scores, predic- 22 tions, classifications, or some recommended action or actions, which are 23 used by agencies to make decisions that impact human welfare. 24 (ii) "Automated decision system impact assessment" shall mean a study 25 evaluating an automated decision system and the automated decision 26 system's development processes, including the design and training data 27 of the automated decision system, for statistical impacts on classes 28 protected under section two hundred ninety-six of the executive law, as 29 well as for impacts on privacy, and security that includes at a minimum: 30 (A) A detailed description of the automated decision system, its 31 design, its training, its data, and its purpose; 32 (B) An assessment of the relative benefits and costs of the automated 33 decision system in light of its purpose, taking into account relevant 34 factors, including data minimization practices, the duration for which 35 personal information and the results of the automated decision system 36 are stored, what information about the automated decision system are 37 available to the public, and the recipients of the results of the auto- 38 mated decision system; 39 (C) An assessment of the risk of harm posed by the automated decision 40 system and the risk that such automated decision system may result in or 41 contribute to inaccurate, unfair, biased, or discriminatory decisions 42 impacting individuals; and 43 (D) The measures the state agency will employ to minimize the risks 44 described in item (C) of this subparagraph, including technological and 45 physical safeguards. 46 (iii) "Harm" shall mean potential or realized adverse consequences to 47 an individual or to society, including but not limited to: 48 (A) Direct or indirect financial harm. 49 (B) Physical harm or threats to persons or property, including but not 50 limited to bias-related crimes and threats, harassment, and sexual 51 harassment. 52 (C) Discrimination in goods, services, or economic opportunity, 53 including but not limited to housing, employment, credit, insurance, 54 education, or health care on the basis of an individual or class of 55 individuals' actual or perceived age, race, national origin, sex, sexualS. 2277 19 1 orientation, gender identity, marital status, disability, military 2 status, and/or membership in another protected class. 3 (D) Interference with or surveillance of first amendment-protected 4 activities by state actors. 5 (E) Interference with the right to vote or with free and fair 6 elections. 7 (F) Interference with due process or equal protection under law. 8 (G) Loss of individual control over personal information, nonconsensu- 9 al sharing of private information, and data breach. 10 (H) The nonconsensual capture of information or communications within 11 an individual's home or where an individual has a reasonable expectation 12 of seclusion or access control. 13 (I) Other effects on an individual that may not be reasonably foresee- 14 able to, contemplated by, or expected by the individual to whom the 15 personal information relates, that are nevertheless reasonably foreseea- 16 ble, contemplated by, or expected by the covered entity that alter or 17 limit such individual's choices or predetermine results. 18 (iv) "Individual" shall mean a natural person whom a covered entity 19 knows or has reason to know is located within New York state. 20 (v) "Personal information" shall mean information that directly or 21 indirectly identifies, relates to, describes, is capable of being asso- 22 ciated with, or could reasonably be linked to a particular individual, 23 household, or device. Information is reasonably linkable to an individ- 24 ual, household, or device if it can be used on its own or in combination 25 with other reasonably available information, regardless of whether such 26 other information is held by the state agency, to identify an individ- 27 ual, household, or device. 28 (vi) "Proxy" or "proxies" shall mean information that, by itself or in 29 combination with other information, is used by a covered entity in a way 30 that discriminates based on actual or perceived personal characteristics 31 or classes protected under section two hundred ninety-six of the execu- 32 tive law. 33 (vii) "Training data" shall mean the datasets used to train an auto- 34 mated decision system, machine learning algorithm, or classifier to 35 create and derive patterns from a prediction model. 36 b. The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 37 public benefit corporation of the state shall not purchase, obtain, 38 procure, acquire, employ, use, deploy, or access information from an 39 automated decision system unless it first engages a neutral third party 40 to conduct an automated decision system impact assessment and publishes 41 on its public website that automated decision system impact assessment: 42 (i) Of existing automated decision system within one year of the 43 effective date of this subdivision and every two years thereafter. 44 (ii) Of new automated decision systems prior to acquisition and every 45 two years thereafter. 46 c. Upon publication of an automated decision system impact assessment, 47 the public shall have forty-five days to submit comments on such assess- 48 ment to the state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 49 public benefit corporation. The state and any governmental agency, poli- 50 tical subdivision or public benefit corporation shall consider such 51 public comments when determining whether to purchase, obtain, procure, 52 acquire, employ, use, deploy, or access information from an automated 53 decision system and shall post responses to such public comments to its 54 website within forty-five days after the close of the public comment 55 period.S. 2277 20 1 d. The state procurement council shall, in consultation with the 2 office of information technology services, the division of human rights 3 and experts and representatives from the communities that will be 4 directly affected by automated decision systems, promulgate rules and 5 regulations to set the minimum standard entities shall meet to serve as 6 neutral third parties conducting automated decision system impact 7 assessments. 8 e. The state procurement council shall maintain a publicly available 9 list of neutral third parties that meet the qualifications outlined in 10 paragraph d of this subdivision. 11 f. Within two years of the effective date of this subdivision, the 12 office of information technology services, in consultation with the 13 division of human rights and experts and representatives from the commu- 14 nities that will be directly affected by automated decision systems, 15 shall complete and publish on its website a comprehensive study of the 16 statistical impacts of automated decision systems on classes protected 17 under section two hundred ninety-six of the executive law, including but 18 not limited to, evaluating the use of proxies and the types of data used 19 in training data sets and the risks associated with particular types of 20 training data. 21 (i) As part of such study, the office of information technology 22 services shall review the automated decision system impact assessments 23 that have been published prior to completion of the study, as well as 24 the public comments submitted in response to such automated decision 25 impact assessments. 26 (ii) The office may request data and information from: state agencies; 27 consumer protection, civil rights, and privacy advocates; researchers 28 and academics; private entities that develop or deploy automated deci- 29 sion systems; and other relevant sources to meet the purpose of such 30 study. The office shall receive, upon request, data from other state 31 agencies. 32 10. Automated decision system use policies; notice and human review 33 requirements. 34 a. For the purpose of this subdivision, the following terms shall have 35 the following meanings: 36 (i) "Automated decision system" shall mean any software, system, or 37 process that is designed to aid or replace human decision making. Such 38 term may include analyzing complex datasets to generate scores, predic- 39 tions, classifications, or some recommended action or actions, which are 40 used by agencies to make decisions that impact human welfare. 41 (ii) "Automated decision system use policy" shall mean: 42 (A) A description of the capabilities of the automated decision 43 system, any decisions that such system is used to make or assist in 44 making and any specific types or groups of persons protected under 45 section two hundred ninety-six of the executive law who are likely to be 46 affected by such decisions; 47 (B) Rules, processes, and guidelines issued by the state agency regu- 48 lating access to or use of such automated decision system, as well as 49 any prohibitions or restrictions on use; 50 (C) Safeguards or security measures designed to protect information 51 collected by or inputted into such automated decision system, including 52 but not limited to, the existence of encryption and access control mech- 53 anisms; 54 (D) Policies and practices relating to the retention, access, and use 55 of data collected by or inputted into such automated decision system, as 56 well as the decisions rendered by such automated decision system;S. 2277 21 1 (E) Whether other entities outside the state agency have access to the 2 information and data used by or inputted into the automated decision 3 system or the decisions rendered by the automated decision system, 4 including whether the outside entity is local, state, federal, or 5 private, the type of information and data that may be disclosed, and any 6 safeguards or restrictions imposed by the agency on the outside entity 7 regarding the use or dissemination of the information, data, or deci- 8 sion; 9 (F) Whether any training is required by the state agency for an indi- 10 vidual to use such automated decision system or access information 11 collected by or inputted into such automated decision system or the 12 decisions rendered by the automated decision system; 13 (G) A description of the internal and external audit and oversight 14 mechanisms, including the mechanism for human review required under 15 paragraph g of this subdivision, to ensure compliance with the automated 16 decision use policy and that the automated decision system does not 17 result in harm to an individual; 18 (H) Relevant technical information about the automated decision 19 system, including the system's name, vendor, and version, as well as a 20 description of the automated decision system's general capabilities, 21 including reasonably foreseeable capabilities outside the scope of the 22 agency's proposed use; 23 (I) The type or types of data inputs that the automated decision 24 system uses, how that data is generated, collected, and processed, and 25 the types of data the system is reasonably likely to generate; 26 (J) How and when the automated decision system will be deployed or 27 used and by whom, including but not limited to, the factors that will be 28 used to determine where, when, and how the technology is deployed; 29 (K) A description of any public or community engagement held and any 30 future public or community engagement plans in connection with the auto- 31 mated decision system; and 32 (L) A description of the fiscal impact of the automated decision 33 system, including initial acquisition costs, ongoing operating costs, 34 such as maintenance, licensing, personnel, legal compliance, use audit- 35 ing, data retention, and security costs, and any current or potential 36 sources of funding, including any subsidies or free products offered by 37 vendors or governmental entities. 38 (iii) "De-identified information" shall mean information that cannot 39 reasonably identify, relate to, describe, be capable of being associated 40 with, or be linked, directly or indirectly, to a particular individual; 41 provided that a covered entity that uses de-identified information: 42 (A) Has implemented technical safeguards that prohibit reidentifica- 43 tion of the individual to whom such information may pertain; 44 (B) Has implemented business processes that specifically prohibit 45 reidentification of such information; 46 (C) Has implemented business processes that prevent inadvertent 47 release of such de-identified information; and 48 (D) Makes no attempt to reidentify such information. 49 (iv) "Harm" shall mean potential or realized adverse consequences to 50 an individual or to society, including but not limited to: 51 (A) Direct or indirect financial harm. 52 (B) Physical harm or threats to persons or property, including but not 53 limited to bias-related crimes and threats, harassment, and sexual 54 harassment. 55 (C) Discrimination in goods, services, or economic opportunity, 56 including but not limited to housing, employment, credit, insurance,S. 2277 22 1 education, or health care on the basis of an individual or class of 2 individuals' actual or perceived age, race, national origin, sex, sexual 3 orientation, gender identity, marital status, disability, military 4 status, and/or membership in another protected class. 5 (D) Interference with or surveillance of first amendment-protected 6 activities by state actors. 7 (E) Interference with the right to vote or with free and fair 8 elections. 9 (F) Interference with due process or equal protection under law. 10 (G) Loss of individual control over personal information, nonconsensu- 11 al sharing of private information, and data breach. 12 (H) The nonconsensual capture of information or communications within 13 an individual's home or where an individual has a reasonable expectation 14 of seclusion or access control. 15 (I) Other effects on an individual that may not be reasonably foresee- 16 able to, contemplated by, or expected by the individual to whom the 17 personal information relates, that are nevertheless reasonably foreseea- 18 ble, contemplated by, or expected by the covered entity that alter or 19 limit such individual's choices or predetermine results. 20 (v) "Individual" shall mean a natural person whom a covered entity 21 knows or has reason to know is located within New York state. 22 (vi) "Personal information" shall mean information that directly or 23 indirectly identifies, relates to, describes, is capable of being asso- 24 ciated with, or could reasonably be linked to a particular individual, 25 household, or device. Information is reasonably linkable to an individ- 26 ual, household, or device if it can be used on its own or in combination 27 with other reasonably available information, regardless of whether such 28 other information is held by the state agency, to identify an individ- 29 ual, household, or device. 30 (vii) "Relevant technical information" shall include, but not be 31 limited to, source code, models, documentation on the algorithms used, 32 design documentation and information about technical architecture, 33 training data, data provenance information, justification for the valid- 34 ity of the model, any records of bias, and any validation testing 35 performed on the system. 36 b. The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 37 public benefit corporation of the state that purchases, obtains, 38 procures, acquires, employs, uses, deploys, or accesses information from 39 an automated decision system shall publish on its website at least nine- 40 ty days prior to the purchase, obtaining, use, acquisition, or deploy- 41 ment of new automated decision systems and, for existing automated deci- 42 sion systems, within one hundred eighty days of the effective date of 43 this subdivision, an automated decision system use policy. 44 (i) When the state and any governmental agency, political subdivision 45 or public benefit corporation of the state seeks to change or changes an 46 automated decision system in a way that affects the results or outcomes 47 of the automated decision system or uses such automated decision system 48 for a purpose or manner not previously disclosed through an automated 49 decision system use policy, it shall provide an addendum to the existing 50 automated decision system use policy describing such change or addi- 51 tional use and retain an archived copy of the previous automated deci- 52 sion system so that decisions made under the old system use policy may 53 be challenged under paragraph g of this subdivision. 54 (ii) Upon publication of, or addendum to, any proposed automated deci- 55 sion system policy, the public shall have forty-five days to submitS. 2277 23 1 comments on such policy to the state and any governmental agency or 2 political subdivision or public benefit corporation. 3 (iii) The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 4 public benefit corporation shall consider public comments and provide 5 the final automated decision system use policy to the office of informa- 6 tion technology services, the committee on open government, and the 7 state procurement council, and shall post such decision to its website 8 no later than forty-five days after the close of the public comment 9 period. 10 c. The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 11 public benefit corporation shall obtain approval from the city or county 12 council with appropriate jurisdiction or the state legislature, follow- 13 ing the public comment period required in paragraph b of this subdivi- 14 sion, and a properly-noticed, germane, public hearing at which the 15 public is afforded a fair and adequate opportunity to provide online, 16 written, and oral testimony, prior to: 17 (i) Seeking funds for an automated decision system that assigns or 18 contributes to the determination of rights, benefits, opportunities, or 19 services for an individual, including but not limited to, applying for a 20 grant, or soliciting or accepting state or federal funds or in-kind or 21 other donations; 22 (ii) Acquiring or borrowing an automated decision system that assigns 23 or contributes to the determination of rights, benefits, opportunities, 24 or services for an individual, whether or not such acquisition is made 25 through the exchange of monies or other consideration; 26 (iii) Using a new or existing automated decision system that assigns 27 or contributes to the determination of rights, benefits, opportunities, 28 or services for an individual, or data derived therefrom, for a purpose 29 or in a manner not previously approved by the city or county council 30 with appropriate jurisdiction or the state legislature; or 31 (iv) Soliciting proposals for or entering into an agreement with any 32 other person or entity to acquire, share, or otherwise use an automated 33 decision system that assigns or contributes to the determination of 34 rights, benefits, opportunities, or services for an individual or auto- 35 mated decision system data. 36 d. The committee on open government shall conduct annual audits of 37 automated decision system use policies that shall: 38 (i) Assess whether each state agency that purchases, obtains, 39 procures, acquires, employs, uses, deploys, or accesses information from 40 an automated decision system complies with the terms of the automated 41 decision system use policy; 42 (ii) Describes any known or reasonably suspected violations of any 43 automated decision system use policies; and 44 (iii) Publish recommendations, if any, relating to revision of the 45 relevant automated decision system use policies. 46 e. The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 47 public benefit corporation of the state shall not purchase, obtain, 48 procure, acquire, employ, use, deploy, or access information from an 49 automated decision system that assigns or contributes to the determi- 50 nation of rights, benefits, opportunities, or services for an individual 51 unless it first implements a process to provide a plain-language notifi- 52 cation to any individual whose personal information is processed by the 53 automated decision system and whom the automated decision system's deci- 54 sion affects of the fact that such system is in use, the system's name, 55 vendor, and version, what decision or decisions will be used to make or 56 support; and what policies and guidelines apply to its deployment.S. 2277 24 1 f. The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 2 public benefit corporation of the state shall not purchase, obtain, 3 procure, acquire, employ, use, deploy, or access information from an 4 automated decision system that assigns or contributes to the determi- 5 nation of rights, benefits, opportunities, or services for an individual 6 unless it first implements a process to provide a plain-language notifi- 7 cation to any individual whose personal information is processed by such 8 automated decision system and whom such automated decision system's 9 decision affects, of the involvement of an automated decision system in 10 making the decision, the degree of human intervention in the system, how 11 the automated decision system made the decision, the justification for 12 the decision, the variables considered in rendering the decision, wheth- 13 er and how the decision deviated from the automated decision's system's 14 recommendation, how the individual may contest the decision pursuant to 15 paragraph g of this subdivision, and the process for requesting human 16 review of the decision pursuant to paragraph g of this subdivision. 17 (i) The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 18 public benefit corporation of the state shall ensure that it can explain 19 the basis for its decision to any impacted individual in terms under- 20 standable to a layperson including, without limitation, by requiring the 21 vendor to create such explanation. 22 (ii) The committee on open government, in consultation with the divi- 23 sion of human rights, the office of information technology services, and 24 experts and representatives from the communities that will be directly 25 affected by automated decision systems, may promulgate rules and regu- 26 lations specifying the requirements for such notice. 27 g. The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 28 public benefit corporation of the state shall not purchase, obtain, 29 procure, acquire, employ, use, deploy, or access information from an 30 automated decision system that assigns or contributes to the determi- 31 nation of rights, benefits, opportunities, or services for an individual 32 unless it first develops a process for human review. 33 (i) The office of information technology services, in consultation 34 with the division of human rights, the committee on open government and 35 experts and representatives from the communities that will be directly 36 affected by automated decision systems, may promulgate rules and regu- 37 lations specifying the requirements for human review of decisions 38 rendered by automated decision systems. 39 (ii) An individual who was denied or assigned a right, benefit, oppor- 40 tunity or service, may request human review of the decision rendered by 41 the automated decision system. 42 (iii) Where the human review overturns a decision rendered by an auto- 43 mated decision system, the affected individual experiences harm as a 44 result of the overturned decision, and the state or any governmental 45 agency, political subdivision or public benefit corporation of the state 46 cannot or will not provide a remedy, or where the human review does not 47 overturn a decision rendered by an automated decision system, the 48 affected individual, or their heirs, assigns, estate, or successors in 49 interest, may bring in any court of competent jurisdiction an action 50 alleging a violation of this subdivision. 51 (iv) The court shall award to the prevailing plaintiff in such action, 52 the following relief: 53 (A) Any injunctive or other equitable relief the court deems appropri- 54 ate;S. 2277 25 1 (B) Any actual damages resulting from any violation of this subdivi- 2 sion, or ten thousand dollars in damages for each such violation, which- 3 ever is greater; 4 (C) Reasonable attorney's fees and costs; and 5 (D) Any other relief the court deems appropriate. 6 h. The state and any governmental agency, political subdivision or 7 public benefit corporation of the state that purchases, obtains, 8 procures, acquires, employs, uses, deploys, or accesses information from 9 an automated decision system that assigns or contributes to the determi- 10 nation of rights, benefits, opportunities, or services for an individual 11 shall annually publish publicly on its website metrics on the number of 12 requests for human review of a decision rendered by the automated deci- 13 sion system it received and the outcome of such human review. The 14 metrics may include de-identified information in the aggregate but shall 15 not include any personal information. 16 § 8. Section 8 of the state finance law is amended by adding a new 17 subdivision 21 to read as follows: 18 21. Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of law, no payment 19 shall be made for an automated decision system, as defined in section 20 one hundred sixty-five of this chapter, that assigns or contributes to 21 the determination of rights, benefits, opportunities, or services for an 22 individual unless the automated decision system uses only open source 23 software and the acquiring agency has complied with the automated deci- 24 sion system impact assessment and automated decision system use policy 25 requirements in section one hundred sixty-five of this chapter. For the 26 purposes of this subdivision, "open source software" shall mean software 27 for which the human-readable source code is available for use, study, 28 modification, and enhancement by the users of that software. 29 § 9. Section 8 of the state finance law is amended by adding four new 30 subdivisions 22, 23, 24 and 25 to read as follows: 31 22. Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of law, no payment 32 shall be made for an automated decision system, as defined in section 33 one hundred sixty-five of this chapter, that assigns or contributes to 34 the determination of rights, benefits, opportunities, or services for an 35 individual, prior to the approval from the city or county council with 36 appropriate jurisdiction or the state legislature as required in section 37 one hundred sixty-five of this chapter. 38 23. Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of law, no payment 39 shall be made for an automated decision system, as defined in section 40 one hundred sixty-five of this chapter, if the vendor's contract 41 contains nondisclosure or other provisions that prohibit or impair the 42 state and any governmental agency or political subdivision or public 43 benefit corporation of the state's obligations under subdivisions nine 44 and ten of section one hundred sixty-five of this chapter. 45 24. Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of law, no payment 46 shall be made for an automated decision system, as defined in section 47 one hundred sixty-five of this chapter, if the automated decision system 48 discriminates against an individual, or treats an individual less favor- 49 ably than another, in whole or in part, on the basis of one or more 50 factors enumerated in section two hundred ninety-six of the executive 51 law. 52 25. Notwithstanding any inconsistent provision of law, no payment 53 shall be made for an automated decision system that makes final deci- 54 sions, judgments, or conclusions without human intervention that impact 55 the constitutional or legal rights, duties, or privileges of any indi-S. 2277 26 1 vidual in New York state or for any automated decision system that 2 deploys or triggers any weapon. 3 § 10. Section 814 of the education law, as added by chapter 526 of the 4 laws of 2006 and subdivision 3 as added by chapter 545 of the laws of 5 2008, is amended to read as follows: 6 § 814. Courses of study in internet safety. 1. [Any school district in7the state may provide, to pupils] The regents shall ensure that the 8 course of instruction in grades kindergarten through twelve[, instruc-9tion designed to promote the] includes a component on digital literacy, 10 digital privacy, and the proper and safe use of the internet. 11 2. The boards of education and trustees of the cities and school 12 districts of the state shall require instruction to be given in such 13 topics, by the teachers employed in the schools therein, commencing with 14 the two thousand twenty-five--two thousand twenty-six school year. All 15 pupils who attend public or charter schools shall receive such instruc- 16 tion. 17 3. The commissioner, in consultation with the chief privacy officer 18 and the office of information technology services, shall [provide tech-19nical assistance to assist in the development of curricula] develop and 20 establish a program for such courses of study which shall be age appro- 21 priate and developed according to the needs and abilities of pupils at 22 successive grade levels in order to provide awareness, skills, informa- 23 tion and support to aid in the safe usage of the internet. Such program 24 shall include: 25 (a) Learning standards for digital literacy, digital privacy, and the 26 proper and safe use of the internet in grades kindergarten through 27 twelve that, at a minimum, instruct students on how to identify online 28 fraud, as well as reliable sources and information, help students to 29 understand how online activities are tracked and recorded, where 30 personal information posted online may go, with whom it may be shared, 31 and how it may be used, and offer best practices for protecting digital 32 security and digital privacy; 33 (b) Model curricula for digital literacy, digital privacy, and the 34 proper and safe use of the internet in grades kindergarten through 35 twelve that are suitable to student age, based on cognitive, emotional, 36 and behavioral capacity; 37 (c) Guidelines and professional training and development resources to 38 support implementation of such instruction in schools; 39 (d) Public availability of all program materials related to digital 40 literacy, digital privacy, and the proper and safe use of the internet 41 on the department's website; and 42 (e) A system to track and evaluate such digital literacy, digital 43 privacy, and the proper and safe use of the internet education, includ- 44 ing, but not limited to, a reporting requirement that tracks and makes 45 district compliance publicly available. 46 4. Such program shall be reviewed periodically by the commissioner, in 47 consultation with the chief privacy officer and the office of informa- 48 tion technology, at intervals specified by the commissioner, and updated 49 as necessary. 50 5. The commissioner shall prescribe rules and regulations relating to 51 such contents, topics, and courses to be included in a digital literacy, 52 digital privacy, and the proper and safe use of the internet curriculum; 53 provided, however, that the curricula need not be uniform throughout the 54 state; and provided further, however, that school districts shall 55 utilize either a curriculum for digital literacy, digital privacy, and 56 the proper and safe use of the internet prescribed by the commissionerS. 2277 27 1 or a curriculum in accordance with the standards and criteria estab- 2 lished by the commissioner. 3 6. The commissioner shall make recommendations to the board of regents 4 about a program on digital literacy, digital privacy, and the proper and 5 safe use of the internet, relevant learning standards, model curricula, 6 and curriculum resources, guidelines, and professional development 7 resources within one year of the effective date of this section. Upon 8 approval and adoption by the board of regents, the department shall 9 issue guidance to school districts and publish on its website model 10 curricula and instructional resources required by this section. 11 7. Prior to making such recommendations to the regents, the commis- 12 sioner shall seek the recommendations of teachers, school administra- 13 tors, teacher educators, digital privacy and security experts, journal- 14 ism experts, the chief information security office, and others with 15 educational expertise in the proposed curriculum. 16 [3.] 8. The commissioner shall develop age-appropriate resources and 17 technical assistance for schools to provide to students in grades three 18 through twelve and their parents or legal guardians concerning the safe 19 and responsible use of the internet. The resources shall include, but 20 not be limited to, information regarding how child predators may use the 21 internet to lure and exploit children, protecting personal information, 22 internet scams and cyber-bullying. 23 § 11. Severability. If any provision of this act, or any application 24 of any provision of this act, is held to be invalid, that shall not 25 affect the validity or effectiveness of any other provision of this act, 26 or of any other application of any provision of this act, which can be 27 given effect without that provision or application; and to that end, the 28 provisions and applications of this act are severable. 29 § 12. This act shall take effect immediately; provided, however, that 30 sections one, two, three, four, five and six of this act shall take 31 effect one year after it shall have become a law and section eight of 32 this act shall take effect two years after it shall have become a law. 33 Effective immediately, the addition, amendment and/or repeal of any rule 34 or regulation necessary for the implementation of this act on its effec- 35 tive date are authorized to be made and completed on or before such 36 effective date.
