Bill Text: NY S01353 | 2025-2026 | General Assembly | Introduced
Bill Title: Prohibits creditors from enforcing a consumer debt incurred as a result of fraud, duress, intimidation, threat, force, identity theft, exploitation of the debtor's personal information or similar economic abuse perpetrated against a debtor; establishes a right of action by the debtor for relief against creditors for violations; makes related provisions.
Spectrum: Partisan Bill (Democrat 7-0)
Status: (Introduced) 2025-01-09 - REFERRED TO CONSUMER PROTECTION [S01353 Detail]
Download: New_York-2025-S01353-Introduced.html
STATE OF NEW YORK ________________________________________________________________________ 1353 2025-2026 Regular Sessions IN SENATE January 9, 2025 ___________ Introduced by Sens. CLEARE, COMRIE, HOYLMAN-SIGAL, JACKSON, MYRIE, SALA- ZAR, WEBB -- read twice and ordered printed, and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Consumer Protection AN ACT to amend the general business law, in relation to establishing a right of action for claims arising out of coerced debts The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem- bly, do enact as follows: 1 Section 1. The general business law is amended by adding a new article 2 29-HHH to read as follows: 3 ARTICLE 29-HHH 4 ACTIONS INVOLVING COERCED DEBTS 5 Section 604-aa. Definitions. 6 604-bb. Notice of coerced debt. 7 604-cc. Coerced debt cause of action and affirmative defense. 8 § 604-aa. Definitions. As used in this article, the following terms 9 shall have the following meanings: 10 1. "Action" means any civil judicial proceeding as defined in section 11 one hundred five of the civil practice law and rules. 12 2. "Adequate documentation of coerced debt" means documentation that 13 identifies a particular debt, or a portion thereof, as coerced debt, 14 describes the circumstances under which such coerced debt was incurred, 15 and takes the form of any of the following: 16 (a) a police report; 17 (b) a federal trade commission identity theft report that identifies a 18 particular debt, or portion thereof, as a coerced debt; 19 (c) an order from a court of competent jurisdiction setting forth 20 findings of coerced debt; or 21 (d) a written verification, from a qualified third party to whom the 22 debtor reported the coerced debt, which shall be satisfied by any sworn 23 or notarized statement including the required information as well as the 24 name, mailing address, and email address or telephone number, as appli- EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets [] is old law to be omitted. LBD04056-01-5S. 1353 2 1 cable, of such qualified third party's employer or, if self-employed, of 2 such qualified third party. 3 3. "Coerced debt", in the context of economic abuse, means debt that 4 was incurred as a result of fraud, duress, intimidation, threat, force, 5 coercion, manipulation, undue influence, the non-consensual use of the 6 debtor's personal information, or similar economic abuse perpetrated 7 against a debtor. 8 4. "Creditor" means any person, firm, corporation or organization to 9 whom a debt is owed, due, or asserted to be due or owed, or any assignee 10 for value of said person, firm, corporation or organization, including 11 any debt collection agency or debt collector as defined by section six 12 hundred of this chapter; provided, however, that "creditor" shall not 13 include a person to whom a debt is allegedly owed, due, or asserted to 14 be due or owed, where the person asserting such claim caused the debt to 15 arise by engaging in one or more acts of coercion, as identified in 16 subdivision three of this section, against the debtor. 17 5. "Debt" means any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to 18 pay money arising out of a transaction in which the money, property, 19 insurance, rental arrears owed for use and occupancy of a dwelling, or 20 services which are the subject of such transaction are primarily for 21 personal, family, or household purposes, whether or not such obligation 22 has been reduced to a judgment. 23 6. "Debtor" means any natural person who owes or who is asserted to 24 owe a debt. 25 7. "Economic abuse", in the context of intimate relationships or 26 relationships between family or household members as defined by section 27 four hundred fifty-nine-a of the social services law, relationships 28 between victims of human trafficking and traffickers, or relationships 29 between children, the elderly, or individuals eligible for protective 30 services under subdivision one of section four hundred seventy-three of 31 the social services law, and their caregivers, means behavior that is 32 coercive, deceptive, manipulative, or that controls, restrains, or 33 sabotages a person's ability to acquire, use, or maintain economic 34 resources to which they are entitled, including but not limited to using 35 coercion, fraud, or manipulation to: 36 (a) restrict a person's access to money, assets, credit, or financial 37 information; 38 (b) unfairly use a person's personal information or personal economic 39 resources, including money, assets, and/or credit; or 40 (c) exert undue influence over a person's financial and economic 41 behavior or decisions, including but not limited to forcing default on 42 joint or other financial obligations, exploiting powers of attorney, 43 guardianship, or conservatorship, or failing or neglecting to act in the 44 best interests of a person to whom one has a fiduciary duty. 45 8. "Personal information" includes, but is not limited to, a name, 46 address, telephone or mobile phone number, driver registration number or 47 non-driver identification card number, social security number, email 48 address, social media profile or screen name, place of employment, 49 employee identification number, mother's maiden name, financial services 50 account number or code, savings account number or code, checking account 51 number or code, debit or credit card number or code, automated teller 52 machine number or code, electronic serial number, any personal identifi- 53 cation number or password of a debtor, and a debtor's personal docu- 54 ments, including, but not limited to, such debtor's driver's license or 55 non-driver identification card, passport, permanent resident card, visa, 56 birth certificate, social security card, and any copies thereof orS. 1353 3 1 information contained therein. "Personal identification number or pass- 2 word", as used in this subdivision, means any number or alphanumeric 3 code which may be used alone or in conjunction with any other informa- 4 tion to assume the identity of another person or access financial 5 resources or credit information of another person. 6 9. "Pleading" means any complaint, petition, counterclaim, cross- 7 claim, interpleader complaint, third-party complaint or any similar 8 papers asserting a claim and demand for relief required to be filed with 9 the court pursuant to rule twenty-one hundred two of the civil practice 10 law and rules, the rules of the chief administrator of the courts, or 11 any local rule or practice established by the court. 12 10. "Qualified third party" means any (a) law enforcement officer; (b) 13 employee of a court of the state; (c) attorney, physician, psychiatrist, 14 psychologist, social worker, registered nurse, therapist, or clinical 15 professional counselor licensed to practice in any state; (d) person 16 employed by or working on behalf of a government or non-profit office, 17 agency, or service that advises or provides services to persons regard- 18 ing domestic violence, family violence, human trafficking, or abuse of 19 children, the elderly, or dependent adults; or (e) member of the clergy 20 of a church or religious society or denomination. 21 § 604-bb. Notice of coerced debt. 1. Upon receipt of the following, a 22 creditor shall cease collection activities until completion of the 23 review under subdivision three of this section: 24 (a) adequate documentation of coerced debt; and 25 (b) the debtor's statement that a particular debt being collected, or 26 portion thereof, is coerced debt. 27 2. (a) If a debtor notifies a creditor by any method or circumstance 28 that may constitute economic abuse or coerced debt, such creditor shall 29 provide written notice to such debtor that includes the following text: 30 "UNDER NEW YORK GENERAL BUSINESS LAW 604-BB, YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO 31 DISPUTE DEBT THAT YOU BELIEVE IS COERCED DEBT. A DEBT IS "COERCED" WHEN 32 IT IS INCURRED IN A CONSUMER'S NAME BECAUSE OF THREATS, INTIMIDATION, OR 33 FORCE BY ANOTHER PERSON. 34 TO DISPUTE COERCED DEBT, YOU MUST SUBMIT A "NOTICE OF COERCED DEBT" IN 35 WRITING. THE "NOTICE OF COERCED DEBT" MUST INCLUDE TWO DOCUMENTS: 36 1 - A SWORN OR NOTARIZED STATEMENT BY YOU, THE ALLEGED DEBTOR, STATING 37 THAT A CERTAIN DEBT OR PORTION OF A DEBT BEING COLLECTED IS COERCED 38 DEBT. 39 2 - "ADEQUATE DOCUMENTATION OF COERCED DEBT" 40 TO PROVIDE "ADEQUATE DOCUMENTATION OF COERCED DEBT," YOU ARE REQUIRED 41 TO PROVIDE ONLY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS, BUT YOU MAY PROVIDE MORE 42 THAN ONE. 43 1 - A POLICE REPORT 44 2 - A FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION IDENTITY THEFT REPORT 45 3 - A COURT ORDER FINDING THAT THE DEBT WAS COERCED 46 4 - A NOTARIZED STATEMENT FROM A "QUALIFIED THIRD PARTY" THAT YOU 47 REPORTED THE COERCED DEBT TO. 48 EXAMPLES OF "QUALIFIED THIRD PARTIES" INCLUDE SOCIAL WORKERS AND 49 ATTORNEYS; DOCTORS, NURSES, AND THERAPISTS; EMPLOYEES FROM GOVERNMENT OR 50 NON-PROFIT AGENCIES THAT WORK WITH SURVIVORS OF VIOLENCE; MEMBERS OF THE 51 CLERGY; ELECTED OFFICIALS; AND LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS. 52 NO MATTER WHICH FORM OF "ADEQUATE DOCUMENTATION OF COERCED DEBT" YOU 53 PROVIDE, IT MUST IDENTIFY THE PARTICULAR DEBT, STATE THAT IT IS COERCED 54 DEBT, AND DESCRIBE THE CIRCUMSTANCES THAT CAUSED THE DEBT TO BE 55 INCURRED.S. 1353 4 1 TO DISPUTE DEBT THAT YOU BELIEVE IS COERCED DEBT, PLEASE SEND THE 2 REQUIRED DOCUMENTS TO (DESIGNATED ADDRESS). AFTER RECEIVING YOUR NOTICE 3 OF COERCED DEBT, WE WILL INVESTIGATE YOUR CLAIM AND RESPOND IN WRITING 4 WITHIN 35 BUSINESS DAYS. FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CALL (DESIGNATED 5 PHONE NUMBER)." 6 (b) If a debtor notifies a creditor in writing that a particular debt 7 being collected, or portion thereof, is coerced debt, but omits informa- 8 tion under subdivision one of this section, and if such creditor does 9 not cease such collection activities, such creditor shall provide writ- 10 ten notice to such debtor of the additional information that is 11 required. 12 3. (a) Within ten business days of receiving the information under 13 subdivision one of this section, the creditor shall, if such creditor 14 furnishes adverse information about the debtor to a consumer reporting 15 agency, notify such consumer reporting agency that the account is 16 disputed. 17 (b) Within thirty business days of receiving the information under 18 subdivision one of this section, the creditor shall complete a review 19 considering all information provided by the debtor and other information 20 available to such creditor in such creditor's file. In connection with 21 such review and communication of the outcome of such review, the credi- 22 tor shall: 23 (i) neither directly nor indirectly contact the individual accused of 24 causing the coerced debt to be incurred; 25 (ii) use only the contact information the debtor provides with the 26 information under subdivision one of this section when attempting to 27 contact such debtor and shall not use any other contact information, 28 even if associated with the account under review, when attempting to 29 contact such debtor; and 30 (iii) not disclose the documents, information, or contact information 31 the debtor provides with the information under subdivision one of this 32 section to any other person, including, but not limited to, joint 33 account holders, without such debtor's express written authorization. 34 For purposes of this subparagraph, sending documents, information, or 35 contact information the debtor provides under subdivision one of this 36 section to a mailing or electronic mail address other than the one 37 provided by the debtor constitutes unlawful disclosure to a third party, 38 even if such mail or electronic mail address is associated with the 39 account. 40 (c) Within five business days of completing the review under paragraph 41 (b) of this subdivision, a creditor who recommences collection activ- 42 ities based on such review shall notify the debtor in writing of such 43 creditor's determination and the good faith basis for such determi- 44 nation, and shall enclose all documents and information upon which such 45 creditor bases its determination therewith. Such written notice shall 46 include a notice of the debtor's right to request reconsideration of 47 such determination to recommence collection activities under subdivision 48 four of this section. 49 (d) Within five business days of completing the review under paragraph 50 (b) of this subdivision, a creditor who ceases collection activities 51 under this section and, based on such review, does not recommence such 52 collection activities, shall: 53 (i) notify the debtor in writing that it is ceasing collection activ- 54 ities based on such debtor's claim of coerced debt;S. 1353 5 1 (ii) contact any consumer reporting agencies to which it furnishes 2 information about the debtor and the particular debt and instruct such 3 consumer reporting agencies to delete such information; and 4 (iii) if the creditor is also a debt collector or debt collection 5 agency, as defined in section six hundred of this chapter, notify the 6 original creditor that it has ceased collection activities because the 7 debt was found to be a coerced debt. 8 4. A debtor who receives written notice under paragraph (c) of subdi- 9 vision three of this section that the creditor will recommence 10 collection activities based on such creditor's determination under 11 subdivision three of this section may make a request to the creditor 12 that the creditor reconsider such determination to recommence collection 13 activities within thirty days of the date of mailing of such written 14 determination. A debtor requesting reconsideration of a creditor's 15 determination to recommence collection activities shall be permitted to 16 submit additional adequate documentation of coerced debt, as defined in 17 this article. Submitting a request for reconsideration of the determi- 18 nation to the creditor shall not be a condition to bringing an action 19 under section six hundred four-cc of this article. 20 5. No inference or presumption that the debt is valid or invalid, or 21 that the debtor is liable or not liable for such debt, shall arise if 22 the creditor decides after completing the review under subdivision three 23 of this section to cease or recommence the debt collection activities. 24 The exercise or non-exercise of rights under this section shall not 25 constitute a waiver of any other right or defense of the debtor or debt 26 collector. 27 6. Ceasing collection activities under this section shall not toll the 28 statute of limitations period on any action to collect the debt. 29 7. If at any time any individual or entity, including, but not limited 30 to the creditor, such creditor's assignor, or any assignee, recommences 31 collection activities on the debt after ceasing collection activities on 32 such debt based on such creditor's review of such debtor's notice of 33 coerced debt, such debtor may submit a subsequent notice of coerced 34 debt. A subsequent notice of coerced debt submitted under this subdivi- 35 sion shall be governed by subdivisions one through six of this section. 36 8. A debtor injured by a violation of this section shall have a cause 37 of action against the creditor to recover statutory damages of one thou- 38 sand dollars, actual damages, if any, and the costs and attorneys' fees 39 reasonably incurred in bringing such action. Where a creditor's 40 violation of this section is deemed willful, a debtor shall be entitled 41 to punitive damages. 42 § 604-cc. Coerced debt cause of action and affirmative defense. 1. A 43 person shall not cause another person to incur a coerced debt. A person 44 who causes another person to incur a coerced debt in violation of this 45 subdivision shall be civilly liable to the creditor, and/or the debtor 46 in whose name such coerced debt was incurred if such debtor has already 47 paid all or part of such coerced debt, for the amount of such debt, or 48 portion thereof, determined by the court to be a coerced debt, as well 49 as such creditor's and/or debtor's costs and attorneys' fees reasonably 50 incurred in bringing the action. An action under this subdivision shall 51 be commenced within three years of the later of: (a) the creditor's 52 determination that all or part of such debt is coerced debt; or (b) a 53 court's determination that all or part of such debt is coerced debt. 54 2. (a) A debtor shall have a cause of action against a creditor in any 55 court having jurisdiction to issue a declaratory judgment establishing 56 that a debt or portion of a debt asserted to be owed to such creditor isS. 1353 6 1 a coerced debt. Notwithstanding section one thousand one of the civil 2 practice law and rules, any individual alleged to have caused such 3 coerced debt to be incurred shall not be a necessary party to such 4 action. Such action shall not be commenced and maintained unless the 5 following conditions are satisfied: 6 (i) (1) the debtor provides by first class mail with certification of 7 mailing, certified mail, overnight delivery, or other method that allows 8 for confirmation of the date of mailing, the notice of coerced debt or 9 subsequent notice of coerced debt under section six hundred four-bb of 10 this article, provided, however, that receipt of the notice of coerced 11 debt shall not be a condition to bringing such action if it is sent in a 12 properly addressed envelope; and 13 (2) the thirty-day period under paragraph (b) of subdivision three of 14 section six hundred four-bb of this article has expired and the debtor 15 has not received written notice that collection activities have ceased; 16 or 17 (ii) the debtor receives a written determination under paragraph (c) 18 of subdivision three of section six hundred four-bb of this article that 19 the particular disputed debt is not coerced debt. 20 (b) The submission of a request for reconsideration under subdivision 21 four of section six hundred four-bb of this article of the creditor's 22 decision to recommence debt collection activities based on such credi- 23 tor's review of the debtor's notice of coerced debt is not a condition 24 to commencing an action under this subdivision. 25 3. In an action under subdivision two of this section, a debtor shall 26 plead the allegations of coerced debt with particularity and shall 27 attach the documents provided to the creditor pursuant to subdivision 28 one of section six hundred four-bb of this article to any complaint. 29 4. A debtor who establishes by a preponderance of the evidence in an 30 action pursuant to subdivision two of this section that a debt or 31 portion of a debt asserted to be owed to the creditor is coerced debt 32 shall be entitled to the following relief: 33 (a) a declaratory judgment stating that the debt or portion thereof is 34 coerced debt and that the alleged debtor shall not be liable for such 35 coerced debt; 36 (b) an order enjoining or restraining the creditor from holding or 37 attempting to hold the debtor personally liable for the coerced debt or 38 attempting to obtain or enforce any judgment thereon against such debtor 39 and enjoining and restraining all future collection activities with 40 respect to such debt; 41 (c) an order dismissing any other cause of action brought by the cred- 42 itor to enforce or collect the coerced debt from the debtor; 43 (d) if the creditor has furnished adverse information to a consumer 44 reporting agency with respect to such coerced debt, an order directing 45 the creditor to notify such agency to delete all such adverse informa- 46 tion; and 47 (e) the costs and attorneys' fees reasonably incurred in bringing such 48 action. 49 5. In any action by a creditor against a debtor to collect a debt, it 50 shall be an affirmative defense to such action that all or a portion of 51 the debt is coerced debt. Providing notice to the creditor under 52 section six hundred four-bb of this article shall not be a prerequisite 53 to asserting such defense; provided, however, the documents described in 54 subdivision one of section six hundred four-bb of this article shall be 55 annexed to the debtor's answer. A debtor who prevails on an affirmative 56 defense of coerced debt shall be entitled to the costs and attorneys'S. 1353 7 1 fees reasonably incurred in defending against the action. Notwithstand- 2 ing section one thousand one of the civil practice law and rules, any 3 individual alleged to have caused such coerced debt to be incurred shall 4 not be or become a necessary party to such action. 5 6. An action pursuant to subdivision two of this section shall be 6 commenced within three years after the date on which the debtor provided 7 the notice of coerced debt pursuant to section six hundred four-bb of 8 this article to the creditor; provided, however, that if such creditor, 9 its assignor, or any assignee recommences collection activities on the 10 debt after ceasing collection activities on such debt based on such 11 creditor's review of the debtor's claim of coerced debt, such debtor 12 shall have the right to file a subsequent notice of coerced debt pursu- 13 ant to subdivision seven of section six hundred four-bb of this article 14 and the statute of limitations shall commence on the date on which such 15 debtor provided such subsequent notice of coerced debt. 16 7. If requested by the debtor, the court presiding over any action in 17 which coerced debt is raised as a claim or affirmative defense shall 18 take appropriate steps necessary to prevent abuse of such debtor or an 19 immediate family member of such debtor, including but not limited to the 20 sealing of court records, the redaction of such debtor's or their imme- 21 diate family member's personal information, and/or directing that any 22 disposition or hearing be held remotely. 23 8. The provisions of this article shall not be construed so as to 24 prevent a creditor from enforcing any claim or collecting judgment aris- 25 ing out of a lawful debt or portion thereof from any other person or 26 entity other than the coerced debtor. 27 9. For debts secured by real or personal property, the private cause 28 of action and affirmative defense authorized by this section shall 29 affect only the debtor's liability for any deficiency after the foreclo- 30 sure, repossession, or surrender and disposition of the subject collat- 31 eral. 32 10. Whenever there shall be a violation of this section, an applica- 33 tion may be made by the attorney general in the name of the people of 34 the state of New York to a court or justice having jurisdiction to issue 35 an injunction, and upon notice to the defendant of not less than five 36 days, to enjoin and restrain the continuance of such violations. If it 37 shall appear to the satisfaction of the court or justice that the 38 defendant has, in fact, violated this section, an injunction may be 39 issued by such court or justice, enjoining or restraining any violation, 40 without requiring proof that any person has, in fact, been injured or 41 damaged thereby. In any such proceeding the court may make allowances to 42 the attorney general as provided in section eighty-three hundred three 43 of the civil practice law and rules, and may make direct restitution. In 44 connection with any such proposed application, the attorney general is 45 authorized to take proof and make a determination of the relevant facts 46 and to issue subpoenas in accordance with the civil practice law and 47 rules. Whenever the court shall determine that a violation of this 48 section has occurred, the court may impose a civil penalty for each 49 violation up to five thousand dollars. 50 § 2. This act shall take effect on the ninetieth day after it shall 51 have become a law.
